Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of acute immobilization (IMO) on daily rhythms of corticosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) were studied in adult male rats. Two hours of IMO increased serum corticosterone, this increase still being observed 3 h after finishing stress exposure. In the dark period corticosterone levels did not differ in control and IMO rats, but higher levels were observed again in the morning of the day after. Immobilization lowered serum GH and TSH levels throughout the 24-h period that followed exposure to the stressor. Such an effect was more marked in GH than in TSH. In addition, GH, but not TSH, levels were found to be reduced significantly by IMO at 08.30 h of the next day. None the less, daily rhythms of GH and TSH were still persistent and roughly similar to those of control rats. The daily rhythm of food intake was measured in a separate experiment and it was observed, as expected, that IMO reduced food intake only in the dark period of the lighting cycle. It appears therefore unlikely that IMO-induced anorexia was the major factor responsible for the inhibition of GH and TSH caused by IMO at 11.00 and 19.00 h, considering that the amount of food intake was very low and similar in control and IMO rats during this period. However, anorexia might have contributed to inhibition of GH and TSH secretion afterwards. Thus, in a third experiment we studied the contribution of IMO-induced anorexia to the changes in hormone levels observed 24 h after stress by introducing a group of pair-fed rats. It was found that IMO, but not pair-feeding, reduced TSH levels, whereas a similar reduction of GH was found in the two conditions. It might be concluded that acute stress transiently altered corticosterone secretion, the only long-lasting effect being a slight increase in its morning levels on the following stress. Immobilization also causes an inhibition of GH and TSH secretion in the rat that persists for several hours after finalization of exposure to the stressor, but daily rhythms were still apparent. It appears that the contribution of stress-induced anorexia is different in GH than in TSH. In conclusion, an acute severe stressor such as IMO, although modifying circulating levels of some hormones, particularly in the hours following exposure to the stressor, did not appear to interfere greatly with the expression of circadian rhythms of anterior pituitary hormones.
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PMID:Acute stress attenuates but does not abolish circadian rhythmicity of serum thyrotrophin and growth hormone in the rat. 902 16

Somatolactin (SL), a recently identified teleost pituitary hormone which is a member of the growth hormone/prolactin family, was isolated from pituitary tissue of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Pituitary proteins were extracted in ammonium bicarbonate (pH 7.8), fractionated using gel filtration chromatography, and purified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Halibut SL was identified on the basis of molecular size (determined by gel electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy), cross-reactivity of the putative hormone with antisera to cod SL, and N-terminal amino acid sequence. Polyclonal antibodies to purified halibut SL were raised in rabbits, and a radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed for measurement of plasma concentrations of SL using purified halibut SL as a standard. The RIA was tested in several flatfish species including Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus), and rock sole (Lepidopsetta bilineata). The assay was specific for SL as indicated by absence of cross-reactivity with Atlantic halibut growth hormone, prolactin, and GTH alpha subunit. Dilutions of plasma and pituitary extracts from Pacific halibut, English sole, and rock sole were parallel to the Atlantic halibut SL standard curve, indicating that the assay is valid for a range of flatfish species. Using halibut SL antiserum, SL was localized in the pars intermedia of English sole pituitary, where it has been identified in previously examined teleost species. The RIA was used to measure plasma levels of SL in Atlantic halibut and English sole during reproductive development, and in English sole subjected to various types of environmental stressors, including handling and crowding. In both sole and halibut, plasma SL concentrations remained relatively constant throughout gonadal development, but dropped during or following ovulation. Plasma SL levels in English sole tended to increase in response to acute stress, in parallel with plasma cortisol levels.
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PMID:Isolation, characterization, and radioimmunoassay of Atlantic halibut somatolactin and plasma levels during stress and reproduction in flatfish. 903 52

We investigated the effect of acute and chronic stress on growth hormone (GH) plasma levels in rats. Acute stress was provoked by intravenous administrations of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha. Determinations were made at 10, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min following i.v. injection of these cytokines into the caudal vein. We also investigated the chronic stress induced by hind paw injections of Freund's adjuvant. Arthritis was developed by 21 days following such injection. GH levels were studied at 7, 14 and 21 days after induction of arthritis on several blood samples which were withdrawn from tail veins, and long-term hormonal profiles (3 hours' sampling) were determined at 12.00 am, 1.30 pm and 3.00 pm. Local administration of dexamethasone and the monoclonal antibody anti-ICAM-1 were also used in arthritic rats. Following acute stress, a significant reduction of plasma GH levels has been evidenced, possibly related to the stimulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Following chronic stress, we demonstrated a significant increase of GH levels, which were significantly reduced by dexamethasone treatment and to a lesser extent by anti-ICAM-1 administration.
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PMID:Effect of acute and chronic inflammation on plasma growth hormone levels in rats. 940 72

Acute stress increases circulating ACTH and glucocorticoid levels. The hippocampus (HIP) is a target of such stress hormones as glucocorticoid and it also expresses receptors for growth hormone (GH), particularly in the dentate gyms (DG). In order to understand the interactions between glucocorticoids and functions of GH in HIP during acute stress, the mRNA levels for GH receptor (GHR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) were investigated in DG in rats exposed to restraint stress in the water (RSW). Using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH), high level expressions of GHR mRNA were detected in DG. These were down-regulated by 14% after 0.5 h of RSW and then up-regulated by 38% over the initial level after 4 h of RSW. This biphasic enhancement of GHR mRNA expression in DG followed the elevation of plasma glucocorticoid levels and paralleled with biphasic expressions of mRNAs for GR and MR in DG. Although circulating GH levels did not show any correlation with the hippocampal GHR mRNA expression, adrenalectomy (ADX) decreased GHR mRNA expression in DG, and the dexamethasone treatment (DEX; 20 microg/100 microl, i.p.) of ADX rats rapidly increased the GHR mRNA expression in DG. These results have suggested that the GHR mRNA expression in the DG is regulated, at least in part, by glucocorticoids and that GH may be involved in responses of the DG to acute stress.
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PMID:A biphasic regulation of receptor mRNA expressions for growth hormone, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid in the rat dentate gyrus during acute stress. 1096 Jun 3

The initial neuroendocrine response to critical illness illness consists primarily of activated anterior pituitary function, the peripheral anabolic pathways being inactivated. This response presumably provides metabolic substrates, establishes the host's defences and is thus considered to be adaptive and beneficial. It was previously assumed that the acute stress response persisted throughout the course of critical illness, but this assumption has now been disproved. Indeed, a uniformly reduced pulsatile secretion of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone has been observed in protracted critical illness, impairing the function of target organs. A reduced availability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor (possibly ghrelin) and, in very long-stay critically ill men, also growth hormone-releasing hormone seems to be involved. The pulsatile secretion of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone can be re-established by relevant combinations of releasing factors, which also substantially increase the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone dependent binding proteins, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and testosterone. Active feedback inhibition loops prevent the target organs being overstimulated. The metabolism is altered in a beneficial way when growth hormone-secretagogues, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are administered together, whereas the effect of single-hormone treatment is minor and accompanied by side-effects. This new concept of a selectively reduced stimulation of pituitary function in the chronic phase of critical illness unveils new therapeutic perspectives to reverse the paradoxical wasting syndrome' and intensive care dependency.
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PMID:The neuroendocrine response to stress is a dynamic process. 1180 May 14

The pharmacotherapy of burn care has evolved from the first topical antibiotics instituted > 30 years ago. These have helped greatly to reduce the incidence of burn wound sepsis, but a better understanding of the principles of burn care has resulted in earlier burn wound excision and complete coverage with autograft, cadaver skin, synthetic dressings, and amnion. This has markedly reduced septic complications and ameliorated the hypermetabolic response to burn injury. The hypermetabolic response, which is mediated by hugely increased levels of circulating catecholamines, prostaglandins, glucagon and cortisol, causes profound skeletal muscle catabolism, immune deficiency, peripheral lipolysis, reduced bone mineralisation, reduced linear growth, and increased energy expenditure. Supportive therapy and pharmacological manipulation, acutely and during rehabilitation, with growth hormone, insulin and related proteins, oxandrolone and propranolol can ameliorate the hypermetabolic response, improving survival and long-term outcome. Despite judicious use of topical and systemic antibiotics, opportunistic nosocomial bacterial resistance threatens to annul the improved survival of patients with severe burns. Patterns of emerging resistance encountered in burn units need to be considered, in light of a decreasing antibiotic armamentarium. A holistic approach to pharmacotherapy of severely burned patients including current practice in antimicrobial control, analgesia, sedation, and anxiety management is required. Current therapy of frequently encountered problems, such as post-burn pruritus, prophylaxis of deep venous thrombosis and peptic ulceration, and pharmacological manipulation of inhalation injury in the burned patient is described. Current pharmacotherapy to ameliorate psychosocial problems associated with burns such as acute stress disorder, depression and post traumatic stress disorder are discussed. Better analgesics, newer antibiotics and immune stimulating drugs are required to reduce mortality and morbidity in large burns.
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PMID:Current pharmacotherapy for the treatment of severe burns. 1261 89

The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system is a most important mediator of the organism's response to stress. Secretory activity of this endocrine system displays a specific regulation during normal nocturnal sleep in humans. Pituitary release of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) as well as adrenocortical release of cortisol decreases to a minimum during early sleep which is simultaneously characterized by maximum release of growth hormone (GH) and a predominance of slow wave sleep (SWS). In contrast, release of ACTH and cortisol reaches a maximum during late sleep which is simultaneously characterized by minimum plasma concentrations of GH and a predominance of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The nadir activity of the pituitary-adrenal system during early sleep reflects an active inhibition of this 'stress' system. One of the factors mediating this inhibition presumably is the sleep associated hypothalamic secretion of a release inhibiting factor of ACTH. In addition, limbic-hippocampal neuronal networks contribute to the inhibitory control over HPA activity during early sleep. Those structures appear to coordinate HPA inhibition and cortical activity (with prevalent SWS) during early sleep, thereby facilitating the formation of memories in sleep. As indicated by studies testing the effects of elevated plasma glucocorticoid levels, the inhibition of HPA activity during early sleep is an essential prerequisite for the memory function of sleep. Possibly, immunological memory formation likewise benefits from this inhibition. The suppression of pituitary-adrenal secretory activity during early sleep can be significantly weakened after profound acute stress as well as in states of chronic stress (including normal aging) which thereby disturb regular memory formation in sleep.
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PMID:The neuroendocrine recovery function of sleep. 1268 69

This study tested the hypotheses that: (1) either acute stress induced by Burdizzo castration, or cortisol infusion would modulate plasma glucose, insulin and growth hormone (GH) concentrations; and (2) immune modulation induced by cortisol would be dependent on the pattern, intensity and duration of circulating cortisol concentrations. Fifty 9.2-month-old Holstein x Friesian bulls (232 +/- 2.0 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of five treatments (n = 10 per treatment): (1) sham handled control; (2) Burdizzo castration; (3) hydrocortisone infusion to mimic the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol; (4) hourly pulse infusion of hydrocortisone; and (5) sustained infusion of hydrocortisone for 8h. Blood samples were collected intensively on day 0, and weekly from days 1 to 35. Castration acutely increased plasma cortisol, GH and haptoglobin concentrations, suppressed lymphocyte in vitro interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, but had no effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Cortisol infusion to simulate the castration-induced secretion pattern of cortisol, and pulse infusion of cortisol did not suppress the IFN-gamma production. A sustained infusion of cortisol resulted in the transient suppression of IFN-gamma production. Moreover, the sustained cortisol infusion resulted in increased plasma glucose, insulin and GH concentrations. The overall 14-day feed intakes and 35-day growth rates were not affected by treatments. In conclusion, cortisol infusion to induce immune suppression in vivo occurred only at pharmacological doses. Within physiological ranges, cortisol was not associated with the suppression of immune function, indicating that during castration cortisol per se is not responsible for the suppression of in vitro IFN-gamma production.
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PMID:Effect of cortisol infusion patterns and castration on metabolic and immunological indices of stress response in cattle. 1506 25

In order to assess the biological significance of weaning and water deprivation on the control of plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, growth hormone (GH) and metabolites in response to stimulation with arginine-vasopressin (AVP) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), we carried out three experiments in which male goats before and after weaning were intravenously injected with AVP or CRH alone, or in combination with each other. In experiment 1, 17-week-old (post-weaning) goats were intravenously injected with AVP or CRH alone at the doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 nmol/kg body weight (BW). The AVP injection significantly and dose dependently increased plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol, GH and metabolites, whereas the injection with CRH did not cause significant increases in the levels of these parameters. In experiment 2, 4-week-old (pre-weaning) and 13-week-old (post-weaning) goats were injected with either AVP or CRH alone, followed by a combined injection of both secretagogues at a dose of 0.3 nmol/kg BW. Although the basal levels of the hormones and metabolites, with the exception of glucose, were greater in the 4-week-old goats, the hormone responses induced by stimulation with AVP were weaker than those induced in 13-week-old goats. Additionally, there were no responses in any hormone patterns to CRH stimulation in 4-week-old goats. In experiment 3, 13-week-old goats were injected with CRH alone followed by injection with AVP for two consecutive days of water deprivation. The animals were subjected to withdrawal of up to 20% of the total blood volume and water deprivation for up to 28 h. However, no significant differences in plasma ACTH, cortisol or GH levels were observed between days 1 and 2. Based on these results, we concluded that: (1) AVP is a more potent stimulant than CRH in terms of its ability to induce increases in plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol and GH; (2) the role of AVP as a secretagogue of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormones is strengthened, whereas the ineffective role of CRH remains unaltered, by weaning; (3) acute stress such as massive withdrawal of blood volume and subjection to water deprivation may not be sufficient burdens to alter stress-related hormone levels in young goats.
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PMID:Responses induced by arginine-vasopressin injection in the plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, growth hormone and metabolites around weaning time in goats. 1629 72

This study assessed the endocrine and ionoregulatory responses by tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) to disturbances of hydromineral balance during confinement and handling. In fresh water (FW), confinement and handling for 0.5, 1, 2 and 6h produced elevations in plasma cortisol and glucose; a reduction in plasma osmolality was observed at 6h. Elevations in plasma prolactins (PRL(177) and PRL(188)) accompanied this fall in osmolality while no effect upon growth hormone (GH) was evident; an increase in insulin-like growth-factor I (IGF-I) occurred at 0.5h. In seawater (SW), confinement and handling increased plasma osmolality and glucose between 0.5 and 6h; no effect on plasma cortisol was seen due to variable control levels. Concurrently, both PRLs were reduced in stressed fish with only transient changes in the GH/IGF-I axis. Next, the branchial expression of Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) and Na(+)/Cl(-) cotransporter (NCC) was characterized following confinement and handling for 6h. In SW, NKCC mRNA levels increased in stressed fish concurrently with elevated plasma osmolality and diminished gill Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity; NCC was unchanged in stressed fish irrespective of salinity. Taken together, PRL and NKCC participate in restoring osmotic balance during acute stress while the GH/IGF-I axis displays only modest responses.
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PMID:Ionoregulatory and endocrine responses to disturbed salt and water balance in Mozambique tilapia exposed to confinement and handling stress. 1987 53


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