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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The authors examine the prevalence of acute traumatic dissociative responses in a group of 115 law enforcement officers involved in critical incidents. Law enforcement officers were retrospectively surveyed for the presence of dissociative symptoms at the time of the critical incident, as well as for the presence of acute stress symptoms and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Results show that 90% of the officers reported experiencing a dissociative response during the critical incident. Thirty percent meet the Dissociative Criterion B of acute stress disorder under the DSM-IV. The mean number of dissociative symptoms in this group was two and one-half. In addition, 19% of the law enforcement officers reported varying forms of memory impairment for details of the incident. There were no reports of amnesia for the entire event. The clinical, forensic, and legal implications of these preliminary findings are discussed in this paper.
J Forensic Sci 2002 Sep
PMID:Acute dissociative responses in law enforcement officers involved in critical shooting incidents: the clinical and forensic implications. 1235 54

Degradation of the general stress sigma factor sigmaS of Escherichia coli is a prime example of regulated proteolysis in prokaryotes. Whereas exponentially growing cells rapidly degrade sigmaS, various stress conditions result in stabilization and, therefore, rapid accumulation of sigmaS. Proteolysis of sigmaS requires the response regulator RssB, a direct recognition factor with phosphorylation-dependent affinity for sigmaS, which targets sigmaS to the ClpXP protease. Here, we demonstrate that a sudden increase in sigmaS synthesis results in sigmaS stabilization, indicating titration of an essential proteolytic component. Evidence is provided that RssB is the overall rate-limiting factor for sigmaS proteolysis. As a consequence, the cell has to continuously adjust the expression of RssB to sigmaS in order to maintain sigmaS proteolysis in growing cells, despite variations in the rate of sigmaS synthesis. Such homeostatic feedback-coupling is provided by rssB transcription being dependent on the sigmaS-controlled rssAB operon promoter. However, strong and rapid increases in sigmaS synthesis, in re-sponse to acute stress, exceed the compensatory potential of this feedback loop with the result that sigmaS is stabilized because of RssB titration. We propose that RssB control of sigmaS proteolysis functions as a genetic switch, in which (i) the 'off' state (low sigmaS levels caused by proteolysis) is stabilized by a homeostatic negative feedback, and (ii) the threshold for switching to the 'on' state (high levels of stable sigmaS) is dependent on the cellular level of active, i.e. phosphorylated RssB.
Mol Microbiol 2002 Sep
PMID:The cellular level of the recognition factor RssB is rate-limiting for sigmaS proteolysis: implications for RssB regulation and signal transduction in sigmaS turnover in Escherichia coli. 1235 35

Disaster workers as well as victims are at increased risk for acute stress disorder (ASD). The present study was undertaken to study the course of the stress response in a group 187 young, male military personnel who served as rescue workers for 3 days after an earthquake in central Taiwan. A control group of 83 young, male military personnel who remained on the base was also studied. The initial evaluation took place within 16 days of the earthquake. Participants were interviewed using the Mini International Neuropsychological Interview. Thirty-one individuals met DSM-IV criteria for ASD at the initial evaluation. These 31 individuals were interviewed a second time 1 month after the earthquake. Plasma samples were also collected and assayed for nitric oxide (NO). The point prevalence rates of ASD 2 weeks after the earthquake in the initial evaluation were 9 and 16% in the rescue worker and control groups, respectively. At 1 month, the prevalence was substantially lower, in the range of 2-3%. Significant inverse correlations were observed between severity of stress symptoms and the plasma concentration of NO in the rescue worker group (r=-0.36 to -0.64, n=17, P<0.05). We conclude that young military personnel without formal training in rescue operations are at risk for ASD, but their risk appears to be no higher than that in a similarly composed control group of young military personnel. Longitudinal studies with plasma measures of NO are needed to clarify its potential role in the development and course of ASD and related syndromes.
Psychiatry Res 2002 Sep 15
PMID:Characteristics of acute stress symptoms and nitric oxide concentration in young rescue workers in Taiwan. 1237 51

Increasing scientific evidence point to a non-pharmacological complementary treatment for insomnia: white noise. Its presentation has been shown to induce sleep in human neonates and adults, probably by reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of ambient sound. White noise may be a simple, safe, cost-effective alternative to hypnotic medication in many psychiatric disorders, especially acute stress disorder and PTSD.
Hawaii Med J 2002 Sep
PMID:Evidence based complementary intervention for insomnia. 1242 83

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the acute stress response with additional information on post-traumatic stress. There is an emphasis on the theoretical foundations and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. Risk factors, symptom clusters, and the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder are described as a foundation for clinical implications and a focused nursing assessment.
Disaster Manag Response 2002 Sep
PMID:Overview of post-traumatic stress. 1268 60

The phasic effects of stress-induced elevations of corticosterone on long-term potentiation (LTP) were investigated in the hippocampus of awake, freely behaving rats. Field potential recordings were performed in the dentate gyrus with stimulation of the medial perforant pathway or the CA1 with stimulation of the commissural/associational pathway, on the contralateral hemisphere. LTP was induced either shortly (1 h) after acute stress or 4 h later. Animals were either adrenalectomized or adrenally intact. A subgroup of animals were injected with a low dose of dexamethasone 4 h prior to the stressor, in order to suppress the corticosterone response to restraint stress, and they were tested for LTP in the dentate gyrus 4 h after the stressor. In the dentate gyrus, stress had no effect on LTP induction at 1 h post-stress; however, it produced a significant suppression at the 4 h interval. As expected, adrenalectomized rats did not show stress-suppression of LTP, but showed a lower level of LTP with or without stress. Supporting a role of stress-induced glucocorticoid secretion in LTP suppression, dexamethasone treatment of adrenally intact animals blocked the acute stress suppression of LTP in the dentate gyrus. In the CA1 field, restraint stress did not significantly affect LTP induction at either the 1- or 4-h post-stress intervals. Similarly, stress by itself, did not significantly affect neuronal excitability in either the dentate gyrus or CA1 hippocampal field at either the 1- or 4-h post-stress interval. The present results suggest that stress affects synaptic plasticity differently at the two hippocampal subfields and that the effects are time-dependent and involve the stress-induced surge of glucocorticoids.
Exp Brain Res 2003 Sep
PMID:Site and time dependent effects of acute stress on hippocampal long-term potentiation in freely behaving rats. 1287 72

It is generally believed that increase in adult contractile cardiac mass can be accomplished only by hypertrophy of existing myocytes. Documentation of myocardial regeneration in acute stress has challenged this dogma and led to the proposition that myocyte renewal is fundamental to cardiac homeostasis. Here we report that in human aortic stenosis, increased cardiac mass results from a combination of myocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Intense new myocyte formation results from the differentiation of stem-like cells committed to the myocyte lineage. These cells express stem cell markers and telomerase. Their number increased >13-fold in aortic stenosis. The finding of cell clusters with stem cells making the transition to cardiogenic and myocyte precursors, as well as very primitive myocytes that turn into terminally differentiated myocytes, provides a link between cardiac stem cells and myocyte differentiation. Growth and differentiation of these primitive cells was markedly enhanced in hypertrophy, consistent with activation of a restricted number of stem cells that, through symmetrical cell division, generate asynchronously differentiating progeny. These clusters strongly support the existence of cardiac stem cells that amplify and commit to the myocyte lineage in response to increased workload. Their presence is consistent with the notion that myocyte hyperplasia significantly contributes to cardiac hypertrophy and accounts for the subpopulation of cycling myocytes.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003 Sep 02
PMID:Intense myocyte formation from cardiac stem cells in human cardiac hypertrophy. 1292 92

Accumulating evidence indicates that neural activity in the lateral septum (LS) influences the pathophysiology of depression and therapeutic effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. For example, the development of behavioral deficits in animal screens for antidepressant drug activity corresponds with a blunting of LS activity, whereas chronic treatment with antidepressants enhances cell firing in the LS; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such behavioral functions of the LS have not been determined. The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is highly expressed in the LS and plays important roles in regulating cellular excitability and synaptic plasticity, making it an attractive candidate for regulating the effects of stress and antidepressants on LS functioning and behavior. We provide evidence that stress decreases Pyk2 phosphorylation in the LS, whereas enhancing Pyk2 expression in LS neurons has an antidepressant effect behaviorally.Pyk2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the rat forebrain was detected by in situ hybridization, and a brief description of the distribution of Pyk2 mRNA in selected areas is presented. Levels of total Pyk2 protein and phosphorylated Pyk2 were subsequently measured in the LS and hippocampus following stress exposure, as were levels of extracellular stimuli-regulated kinase (Erk) and phospho-Erk. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-mediated gene transfer was then used to enhance Pyk2 expression in the LS, and the effect this had on behavior in the learned helplessness model of depression was evaluated. High levels of Pyk2 mRNA were detected in a number of forebrain regions, including the hippocampus and LS. Following acute stress exposure, subjects showed a decrease in phosphorylated Pyk2 and Erk in the LS but not in the hippocampus. Total levels of Pyk2 and Erk remained unchanged following stress. In the learned helplessness paradigm, injection of HSV-Pyk2 into the LS prevented the active avoidance deficit caused by exposure to inescapable shock, indicative of an antidepressant effect. These results indicate that following acute stress, Pyk2 and Erk activity in the LS are decreased, whereas experimentally increasing Pyk2 activity in LS neurons reverses the behavioral deficits of acute, inescapable stress. These findings establish a role for the tyrosine kinase Pyk2 in the biochemical and behavioral responses to stress and suggest a possible role in the pathophysiology of depression, particularly notable considering Pyk2's role in promoting synaptic plasticity.
Biol Psychiatry 2003 Sep 01
PMID:Antidepressant effect of the calcium-activated tyrosine kinase Pyk2 in the lateral septum. 1294 83

We evaluated how two diets with different lipid levels (4% vs. 10%) influenced nutrient expenditure in juvenile walleye Stizostedion vitreum subjected to starvation, prolonged swimming, and predator presence. We also determined how exercise and predator presence influenced stress indicators such as blood plasma cortisol and glucose. Groups of six fish were placed in triplicate rectangular wire cages per treatment and submerged randomly in three artificial stream compartments at a water temperature of 14 degrees C. Three treatments were established: (A) no water current and no predator, (B) water current (1.5 body lengths s(-1)) and no predator, (C) water current and predator. Six 1-year-old muskellunge (Esox masquinongy, 28.4+/-2.3 cm) were used as predators. They were allowed to swim freely outside walleye cages and were fed with walleye. To simulate poststocking period of fasting, walleyes were exposed to experimental treatments for 6 weeks and were deprived of food. Regardless of the prior diet, fish weight significantly declined in all treatments but no differences were found among them. Lipids declined in both dietary groups of fish; in turn, body moisture increased. Protein levels were only affected in fish fed with high-lipid diet prior to the experiment and subjected to current and predator presence. Plasma glucose gradually declined in fish fed with high-lipid diet prior to the study; whereas in the fish fed with low-lipid diet before the experiment, it remained low regardless of the treatment severity. Plasma cortisol concentrations never exceeded 30 ng ml(-1) indicating no signs of acute stress during the experiment. We concluded that fish fed with diet containing higher lipid levels prior to stocking would possess better potential of withstanding adverse conditions and better survival once released to the wild.
Physiol Behav 2003 Sep
PMID:The effect of fasting, prolonged swimming, and predator presence on energy utilization and stress in juvenile walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). 1295

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, which include mGlu1-8 receptors, are a heterogeneous family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that function to modulate neuronal excitation and plasticity via pre-synaptic, post-synaptic and glial mechanisms. Agonists for group II mGlu receptors (mGlu2 and mGlu3), such as LY354740, have been shown to suppress enhanced glutamatergic excitations in brain synapses known to be involved in the expression of fear/anxiety in animals and humans. Systemic administration of LY354740 increases open-arm time in the elevated plus maze in mice under conditions of moderate to severe stress, blocks the expression but not development of fear-potentiated startle in rats, prevents lactate-induced panic-like responses in panic-prone rats, and attenuates certain physiological, behavioral, and neurochemical consequences of acute stress in rodents. In these preclinical models, LY354740 does not produce the side-effects (e.g. sedation) that are associated with other anxiolytic agents such as benzodiazepines. Early clinical results with LY354740 have demonstrated safety and efficacy in a human anxiety model (panic provocation induced by CO2 challenge). Collectively, these data indicate mGlu2/3 receptor agonists such as LY354740 represent a promising new approach for treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders in humans.
Stress 2003 Sep
PMID:LY354740, an mGlu2/3 receptor agonist as a novel approach to treat anxiety/stress. 1312 12


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