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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Interrenal tissue from embryonic and larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was cultured in vitro and exposed to various doses of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) to document the ontogeny of interrenal responsiveness to tropic stimulation. Resting and acute stress-induced changes in whole-body cortisol levels in vivo were also measured to determine if the corticosteroid stress response first develops with the onset of interrenal responsiveness to ACTH. No evidence was found that the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis of rainbow trout is transiently activated prior to hatching. In vivo, a corticosteroid stress response was first observed 2 weeks after hatching, and stress-induced cortisol levels (at 1 hr poststress) were significantly higher 3 weeks after hatching than they were at 2 or 4 weeks after hatching. In contrast, cultured interrenal tissue produced significant levels of cortisol in response to ACTH at the time of hatching, and in vitro cortisol production by the interrenal increased significantly between 3 and 4 weeks after hatching. Interrenal sensitivity to ACTH did not change appreciably with development. We conclude that (1) the final maturation of the corticosteroid stress response in rainbow trout occurs at the level of the brain and/or sensory inputs and not at the level of the interrenal cell; (2) negative feedback mechanisms within the HPI axis develop 3 to 4 weeks after hatching; and (3) the period between 3 and 4 weeks after hatching may be homologous to the stress hyporesponsive period after birth in mammals and thus could be a stage when environmental influences can permanently alter the development of the corticosteroid stress response in rainbow trout.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 1995 Sep
PMID:In vitro effects of ACTH on interrenal corticosteroidogenesis during early larval development in rainbow trout. 853 50

This study examined enumerative immune and catecholamine measures and their response to a speaking stressor in 20 healthy women during two phases of the menstrual cycle. Subjects were studied at the same time of day on two separate occasions approximately 6 weeks apart, once during the follicular phase (Days 7-10 following menses) and once during the luteal phase (Days 7-10 following the LH surge) of the cycle. The stressor was associated with significantly increased CD8 cells (p < .001). NK cells (CD16, CD56, and CD57, p < .001), and plasma norepinephrine (p < .01) and decreased CD4/CD8 ratio (p < .001). There were no significant main effects for menstrual phase nor significant interactions for menstrual phase by task for any dependent variable. Baseline and stress test-retest correlation coefficients were similar to those reported in the literature for men and indicate a moderate test-retest reliability. Change score test-retest correlation coefficients were consistently smaller and only CD56 (r = .49) and the CD4/CD8 ratio (r = .55) correlated significantly. The findings suggest that the changes in reproductive hormones associated with the menstrual cycle have no appreciable effect on lymphocyte numbers or their response to acute stress. Given estrogen's long-term duration of action, it may be that their menstrual cycle does not afford an adequate window of time to scrutinize reproductive hormone effects on the immune functioning.
Brain Behav Immun 1995 Sep
PMID:Enumerative immune changes following acute stress: effect of the menstrual cycle. 859 Aug 16

The present study examined the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the acute stress-induced release of prolactin (PRL) in ovariectomized estrogen-primed female rats. Acute immobilization stress induced a marked increase in serum PRL levels in animals treated with saline intraventricularly (i.c.v.). However, a prior icv injection of alpha-helical CRF(9-41), a CRF antagonist, completely eliminated the immobilization-induced PRL release in the majority of animals, providing evidence for involvement of CRF in the acute stress-induced PRL release. On the other hand, an i.c.v. injection of CRF did not affect basal PRL release at any dose in non-stressed animals, suggesting that the peptide plays a permissive role which enables other undefined stress mediator(s) to stimulate PRL release.
Neurosci Lett 1995 Sep 29
PMID:Permissive role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the acute stress-induced prolactin release in female rats. 859 42

The study was performed to examine the responses to catecholamines in vas deferens isolated from rats submitted to acute swimming-induced stress. It was demonstrated that acute stress induces a significant subsensitivity of rat vas deferens to norepinephrine. This subsensitivity was inhibited when the experiment was carried out in the presence of either cocaine (10-5 M) or timolol (10-5 M). On the other hand, the rat vas deferens sensitivity to methoxamine was significantly increased by acute swimming-induced stress. Thus, despite acute swimming stress inducing a reduction in response to norepinephrine, the alpha1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractile response was increased. Additionally there were increases in neuronal uptake and beta2-adrenoceptor activity that opposes the alpha1-adrenoceptor activity. Integrated, these phenomena are responsible for the rat vas deferens subsensitivity to norepinephrine which may be involved in body homeostasis in stressogenic situations.
Pharmacol Res 1995 Sep
PMID:Catecholaminergic responses in vas deferens isolated from rats submitted to acute swimming stress. 874 41

Acute stress elicits variable patterns of pituitary LH release in intact rats. While the pituitary-adrenal axis is capable of discrimination between stressors of graded intensity, the effects of variable glucocorticoid output on the direction and magnitude of LH release during stress remain unclear. The present studies compared the effects of a psychological stress and two different physical stressors on peripheral corticosterone (CORT) and LH concentrations. Plasma CORT levels were elevated during each stress, but this increase in hormone release was significantly greater in response to physical stress. This differential CORT sensitivity to psychological vs. physical stress was correlated with divergent patterns of pituitary LH release; novel environment (NE) stress resulted in a transient increase in plasma LH, whereas both physical stressors ultimately caused a reduction in circulating hormone levels. Pretreatment with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, RU 486, reversed physical stress-induced decreases in LH release, but did not further facilitate circulating LH during NE stress. Other studies showed that stimulation of GRs prior to stress with the potent ligand, dexamethasone (DEX), blunted the stimulatory effects of NE stress on circulating LH. Additional experiments investigated whether prolonged exposure to elevated glucocorticoid levels elicits adaptive responses from the hypothalamic-pituitary LH axis to acute stress. Chronic DEX administration resulted in a significant attenuation of the inhibitory LH response to acute immobilization, but had no impact upon the facilatory effects of NE stress on LH release. The current studies confirm previous reports of variation in the magnitude of CORT secretion elicited by stressors of different intensity, and provide new evidence that inhibitory patterns of pituitary LH release may be correlated with a high degree of activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis. Attenuation of the facilatory effects of novel environment stress on LH release by pretreatment with the GR agonist, DEX, suggests that GR-induced inhibition of LH requires occupation of GRs beyond that which occurs during this mild stressor. The present findings that stress-induced decreases in plasma LH are blunted by chronic glucocorticoid exposure support a role for glucocorticoid-dependent mechanisms in adaptation of GR-mediated inhibitory responses to stress.
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996 Sep
PMID:Stimulatory vs. inhibitory effects of acute stress on plasma LH: differential effects of pretreatment with dexamethasone or the steroid receptor antagonist, RU 486. 887 33

Neuroendocrine correlates of chronic stress in human infants have not been established. The goal of the present study was to create an animal model of continuous chronic stress using the immature rat to measure basal plasma corticosterone, and secretion of plasma corticosterone in response to an acute stress. This was achieved by modulation of the cage environment for rat pups and their mothers. During postnatal days 2-9, pups were maintained in three groups: (1) handled, (2) not handled and with ample bedding; and (3) not handled with limited bedding. On postnatal day 9, some pups from each group were subjected to acute cold-separation stress and were killed 90, 240, or 360 min later along with unstressed controls. The group not handled and with limited bedding manifested increased plasma corticosterone output even without cold exposure and a sustained increase of plasma corticosterone after cold-separation stress. Plasma corticosterone interanimal variability was increased and body weight was decreased in these pups, typical of a state of chronic stress. The first model of continuous stress in infant rats in which upregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is achieved without maternal separation is presented. This paradigm may more closely approximate the human situation of chronically stressed, neglected infants.
Pediatr Neurol 1996 Sep
PMID:Abnormal corticosterone regulation in an immature rat model of continuous chronic stress. 888 44

The socially monogamous cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) monkey is a cooperative breeder with the breeding male providing extensive parental care shortly after birth. We examined the relationship of urinary prolactin and cortisol excretion both to male parental care and as a stress response in the cotton-top tamarin monkey. First-morning urine samples were collected to determine hormonal concentrations. Hormonal and behavioral data were collected on 8 male cotton-top tamarins during the 2 weeks before and the 2 weeks following birth of infants to their mate, 11 nonparental males with exposure to females, and three eldest sons from large family groups. Prolactin levels were significantly higher in experienced fathers during the postpartum period than in the other males, while cortisol levels were significantly lower in experienced fathers and eldest sons. Prolactin levels in experienced fathers were consistently elevated before birth, following birth, and after infants were weaned; prolactin levels during times of infant independence were still significantly higher than those in nonfather males. First-time fathers exhibited prolactin levels that were significantly higher after the births of infants than these same males did when they were paired with nonpregnant females. Elevated prolactin concentrations also occurred prior to the first birth, suggesting that males may be receiving cues from their pregnant females. The elevated prolactin levels in parental males may be associated with the experience of the fathers. Correlation between prolactin levels and number of successful births, number of previous births, and age were high. The care of newborn infants did not appear to be a stressful event since cortisol levels were not elevated postpartum. Both cortisol and prolactin were elevated following capture and injection of saline or a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, indicating that prolactin does respond to acute stress. Cortisol levels did not coincide with prolactin levels except under acute stress conditions, suggesting that different neural pathways are probably involved in prolactin release during parental care versus acute stress. These studies provide evidence that male urinary prolactin levels may be elevated due to cues from pregnant females and the constant exposure of males to the family environment.
Horm Behav 1996 Sep
PMID:Hormonal responses to parental and nonparental conditions in male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, a New World primate. 891 86

Psychological stress is extremely high in patients with oncological diseases. About 50% of all cancer patients show psychological signs and symptoms which are related to the multiple stress factors of their oncological illness. Although many psychological problems connected with cancer are well known, additional acute stress could result from new therapeutic strategies which require settings similar to intensive care, e.g. bone marrow transplantation. For 2 years the Department of Psychiatry in Innsbruck has provided a "liaison service" at the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation. Within this observation period, 40 patients have received psychooncological care. The diagnostic distribution according to DSM III-R and specific psychooncological interventions are presented.
Nervenarzt 1996 Sep
PMID:[Psychiatric problems in bone marrow transplantation patients during isolation]. 899 80

Variations in maternal care affect the development of individual differences in neuroendocrine responses to stress in rats. As adults, the offspring of mothers that exhibited more licking and grooming of pups during the first 10 days of life showed reduced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone responses to acute stress, increased hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA expression, enhanced glucocorticoid feedback sensitivity, and decreased levels of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA. Each measure was significantly correlated with the frequency of maternal licking and grooming (all r's > -0.6). These findings suggest that maternal behavior serves to "program" hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress in the offspring.
Science 1997 Sep 12
PMID:Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. 931 58

An elite junior badminton player presented with a chronic painful dominant shoulder after an intense training course. An acute stress fracture to the proximal humeral epiphysis was found. Two-plane radiography will identify abnormalities of the growth plate but comparative films of the unaffected side may also be required to differentiate subtle changes. Rest with subsequent rehabilitation is the appropriate management of these injuries although ideally they should be subjected to primary prevention.
Br J Sports Med 1997 Sep
PMID:Stress fracture of the proximal humeral epiphysis in an elite junior badminton player. 929 64


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