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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have tested the effect of physiological increases in plasma corticosteroids in conscious dogs on the levels of basal and hypoglycemia-stimulated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2 h later. Increases in plasma corticosteroids, produced by infusion of alpha-1-24 ACTH or corticosteroids for 40 min, suppressed basal and stimulated ACTH levels. The magnitude of inhibition produced by an increase in plasma corticosteroids induced by the infusion of ACTH was equivalent to the inhibition produced by the same increase in plasma corticosteroids induced by corticosteroid infusion. The infusions did not affect basal plasma glucose concentrations or the decrease in plasma glucose concentrations after administration of 0.1 U insulin/kg. Basal ACTH concentration was less sensitive than hypoglycemia-stimulated ACTH concentration to corticosteroid-induced suppression. Basal and stimulated secretion were significantly inhibited in all dogs after approximately half-maximal increases in plasma corticosteroids; maximum inhibition occurred after maximal increases in plasma corticosteroids. Therefore, physiological increments in plasma corticosteroids, similar to those produced by acute stress, are effective suppressors of subsequent stress-induced ACTH secretion.
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PMID:Feedback inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone by physiological increases in plasma corticosteroids in conscious dogs. 630 Jan 89

Reactions of adult rhesus monkeys to the glucose tolerance test and the insulin sensitivity test were examined during different exposures. It was found that both tests can be well used to evaluate responses to various environmental effects, psychoemotional strain, acute stress state and orthostatic effects. Orthostatics was shown to potentiate the inhibition of insulin secretion. The reciprocal relationship between glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity was detected in the functional range of vago-insular regulation. The role of orthostatics in neurogenic disorders of the mechanism of glycemic regulation is discussed. The synergism of the combined effect of orthostatics and psychoemotional strain is described.
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PMID:[Adaptive mechanisms in the regulation of blood glucose levels in Macaca mulatta]. 639 37

The effect of acute stresses on plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) were evaluated in control and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated, awake cannulated guinea pigs. Forced immobolization for 1 hr caused a 3- and 5-fold increase in plasma DBH and norepinephrine, respectively. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (23 mg/kg b.wt.i.a., 72 and 48 hr before stress) reduced by 70% the increase in plasma DBH and totally prevented the rise in plasma catecholamines evoked by the restraining stress. Injection of insulin (5 U/kg b.wt.i.a.) induced a 60% decrease in blood glucose, a 1-fold increase in plasma DBH and a selective 4-fold increase in plasma epinephrine; these effects were not modified by chemical sympathectomy. Our results indicate that forced immobilization and hypoglycemia produce a preferential activation of the sympathetic postganglionic nerves and of the adrenal medulla, respectively, and that in guinea pigs both stresses increase plasma DBH. The kinetics of disappearance of plasma DBH were studied after subjecting the guinea pigs for 1 hr to forced immobilization. Although 7 of 12 animals showed a biphasic rate of fall of plasma DBH, in each case there was a rapid initial fall possibly due to the "distribution" of the enzyme with a T1/2 of 1.65 hr. Similar findings were observed in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated guinea pigs. These results suggest that the distribution of DBH is the most important process in reducing the augmented plasma DBH levels elicited by a short-term stress and that this process is not dependent on the integrity of the sympathetic nerves nor on the adrenal or sympathetic origin of the enzyme. This study supports the view that the ratio, content of releasable DBH present in sympathetic nerves and adrenal glands/total circulating pool of DBH, is the factor that determines whether an increase in plasma DBH would occur in animals exposed to an acute stress.
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PMID:Effects of chemical sympathectomy on the increases in plasma catecholamines and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase induced by forced immobilization and insulin-induced hypoglycemia: origin and fate of plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 704 31

Basing on the hypothesis that disturbances of cerebral information processing on the basis of acute or chronic stress situations or profound neurotic alterations are being directed to the cardiovascular system only by predisposition to hyperreactivity, the influence of a psycho-nervous-humoral-hormonal stepped load schedule upon central nervous and vegetative functions was studied in baboons. Stochastic interventions into the natural day-night rhythm and application of NaCl and DOCA doses not per se causing a blood pressure rise, either single or in combination for altogether 3 years were used as disturbing factors. It has been revealed that experimental disturbance of the light-dark phases led to lasting deviations of the conditional-reflectory activity in the sense of a predominance of irritation processes. With motor response time, initially unchanged but from the second year of experiment significantly shortened by 35%, the failure rates at differentiation increased, on the average, from 6 to 45% and the intersignal responses by 100%. Even after exposure for several months, no disorders of the cardiovascular system occurred. It was only the coupling with an experimentally induced disturbance of electrolyte distribution that provoked a significant increase in mean arterial pressure, on the average, by 24% of the pre-control value with moderate increase of the circulating blood volume. The increases in free fatty acids and blood glucose concentrations by 14 and 23%, respectively, can be interpreted as additional hypertension-favouring factors. Despite an application of mineral corticoids for more than 1 year, it has been impossible to alter the contraction behaviour of the vascular smooth muscle cell in the sense of an experimentally induced predisposition to arteriolar hyperreactivity outlasting the discontinuation of disturbing factors. With higher nervous activity being clearly disturbed as before, the pressure got back to normal; testing the vascular reactivity to noradrenaline (1.0 microgram/kg b.w/min i.v., for 5 min) or angiotensin II (0.5 microgram/kg b.w. i.v.) at the end of the investigation period gave no enhanced pressure responses. By contrast, animals exposed exclusively to the described combination load for 18 weeks, showed a still normal system pressure and sensitivity to the applied noradrenaline and angiotensin II increased by 75-120% of the pre-control response. A liability of the cardiovascular system at acute stress situations (multiple partial immobilization) in long-term neurotically predamaged monkeys in the 24-h experiment was impressive by a cardiodepression during the nightly regeneration phase, reduced on the average by 35 beats/min against the control group. Thus, our results support the hypothesis of a cerebro-visceral pathoconstellation as the etiological principle of certain forms of the inhomogeneous clinical picture of primary hypertension.
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PMID:[Arterial hypertensive dysregulations on the basis of a cerebro-visceral stimulus constellation in baboons]. 712 52

Exposure of the Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) to a high sublethal concentration of 5.6 p.p.m. (0.8 of the 96 hr LC50) of methyl parathion for 3, 6, 12, 48, and 96 hrs affected carbohydrate metabolism. Muscle glycogen levels decreased significantly at 3, 6, 12 and 96 hrs; liver glycogen content declined at 6 hrs but there was a resynthesis of hepatic glycogen stores at 12 hrs. Blood glucose levels in fish were elevated at 3 and 6 hrs. Mean values for blood pyruvate were elevated significantly at 6, 12, and 96 hrs. Blood lactate level was elevated at 3 hrs but hypolactaemia resulted at 48 and 96 hrs in pesticide-treated fish. The observed effects of methyl parathion on carbohydrate metabolism in fish are discussed in relation to acute stress syndrome. Measurement of carbohydrate metabolites in fish for 3 hrs or longer could prove useful as a rapid method for evaluating toxicity of pesticides and other toxicants.
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PMID:Effects of acute exposure to methyl parathion on carbohydrate metabolism of Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). 722 37

Plasma somatolactin (SL) concentrations in rainbow trout were examined under various physiological and environmental conditions. Background adaptation and feeding did not affect plasma SL levels. There was no consistent change in plasma SL levels during fasting for 21 days, although increased plasma growth hormone levels and decreased condition factor, hepatosomatic index and abdominal fat, occurred. Plasma SL concentrations increased during acute stress and also during exhaustive exercise resulting from being chased in shallow water. Elevation of plasma SL was associated with those of plasma cortisol, Ca2+, phosphate, and glucose levels. On the other hand, plasma level of prolactin was not affected in the stress and exercise experiments, although plasma GH and Na+ were raised in the fish 5 min after the onset of the stress. Our results suggest the involvement of SL in calcium and phosphate metabolism, acid-base regulation, or energy mobilization in the stressed or exercised trout.
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PMID:Effects of feeding, fasting, background adaptation, acute stress, and exhaustive exercise on the plasma somatolactin concentrations in rainbow trout. 763 67

The aims of this study were 1) to establish a reference range for fructosamine in cats using a commercial fructosamine kit; 2) to demonstrate that the fructosamine concentration is not increased by transient hyperglycemia of 90 min duration, simulating hyperglycemia of acute stress; and 3) to determine what percentage of blood samples submitted to a commercial laboratory from 95 sick cats had evidence of persistent hyperglycemia based on an elevated fructosamine concentration. Reference intervals for the serum fructosamine concentration were established in healthy, normoglycemic cats using a second generation kit designed for the measurement of the fructosamine concentration in humans. Transient hyperglycemia of 90 min duration was induced by IV glucose injection in healthy cats. Multisourced blood samples that were submitted to a commercial veterinary laboratory either as fluoride oxalated plasma or serum were used to determine the percentage of hyperglycemic cats having persistent hyperglycemia. The reference interval for the serum fructosamine concentration was 249 to 406 mumol/L. Transient hyperglycemia of 90 min duration did not increase the fructosamine concentration and there was no correlation between fructosamine and blood glucose. In contrast, the fructosamine concentration was correlated with the glucose concentration in sick hyper- and normoglycemic cats. It is concluded that the fructosamine concentration is a useful marker for the detection of persistent hyperglycemia and its differentiation from transient stress hyperglycemia. Fructosamine determinations should be considered when blood glucose is 12 to 20 mmol/L and only a single blood sample is available for analysis.
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PMID:Fructosamine concentrations in hyperglycemic cats. 775 20

A family physician is often the one who makes an initial diagnosis of diabetes. The physician must consider the impact of this diagnosis on both the patient and the patient's family members. Outpatient management is less costly and less traumatic for the patient than inpatient care. Initial management goals are control of hyperglycemia, correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalances, and avoidance of hypoglycemia. For patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes, the initial insulin dosage ranges from 0.25 to 1.0 U per kg per day. For patients with type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, standard therapy begins with dietary modifications, exercise and an oral hypoglycemic agent, if needed. Insulin is indicated in patients with type II diabetes during times of acute stress, infection, surgery and pregnancy, and if the patient is allergic to sulfonylureas. Initially, patients only need to have a basic understanding of glucose monitoring, medications, diet and symptoms of hypoglycemia. Simple instructions can help the patient achieve glycemic control without being overwhelmed with information. As the patient learns more about diabetes and the treatment regimen, therapy can become more intensive.
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PMID:Initial management of the patient with newly diagnosed diabetes. 748 1

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of differential housing on humoral immunity following exposure to an acute stressor. Forty male Sprague-Dawley adult rats were randomly assigned to either a singly housed or group-housed (five rats/cage) condition. Approximately 2 weeks after the start of the study, all animals were immunized with 1 ml of a 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in saline. After the injections, half of the animals from each housing condition were subjected to an acute stressor (forced swim, 60 min/day for 3-5 days). Animals exposed to the acute stressor displayed adrenal gland hypertrophy and reduced thymus and spleen weights compared to the unstressed (control) animals. Both behavioral stimuli (housing and forced swim) demonstrated no effect on antibody production to SRBC. However, singly housed animals showed an increase in lymphocyte percentage, and corticosterone and glucose levels regardless of subsequent exposure to acute stress. Within a treatment condition, there were no significant correlations between the immune and endocrine measures. It was concluded that reduced social contact (i.e., individual housing) with subsequent exposure to an acute stressor does not appear to inhibit immunological responsiveness to an antigen.
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PMID:Impact of differential housing on humoral immunity following exposure to an acute stressor in rats. 777 98

The levels of beta-endorphin, insulin, cortisol, GH, glucagon, prolactin and TSH were measured in serum samples of 9 hyperglycaemic patients (3 female, 6 male) with a mean age of 4.1 years admitted to the pediatric emergency unit. All patients were in acute stress due to severe diseases (acute gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, septicaemia, etc.). Initial and repeat blood samples for hormone determination were taken at admission and in the recovery phase (after 4-6 weeks of treatment). OGTT was also performed in the recovery phase. The hyperglycaemia, monitored hourly following the initial determination, returned to normal in all patients in 1-5 h without specific treatment. Mean serum glucose values at admission and in the recovery phase were 287.0 and 84.1 mg/dl. Concomitant to the hyperglycaemia encountered in these patients in the acute phase of stress, an increase was noted in all hormone levels excluding glucagon and cortisol. All elevated hormone levels fell to normal in 4-6 weeks with significant differences from initial levels for beta-endorphin (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.01). OGTT gave a normal curve. These results indicate that stress hyperglycaemia, despite high insulin levels, is associated with an increase in beta-endorphin levels. The results also show that hyperglycaemia in acute disease does not alter OGTT in short-term follow up.
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PMID:beta-Endorphin and some hormonal levels in children with acute stress hyperglycaemia. 795 15


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