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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma concentrations of aldosterone, cortisol, and lactate were studied by measuring these variables before, during, and after 20--30 min of meditation. Subjects, who rested quietly rather than meditating, served as controls. There were no differences in the basal values for these variables between meditators and controls, but controls, in contrast to meditators, showed a significant increase in cortisol between the first (A) and second (B) samples of the control period. PRA increased slightly (14%) but significantly (p less than 0.03) during TM, but not during quiet rest in controls. Cortisol decreased progressively (after sample B) throughout the experiment to the same degree in both groups. Aldosterone and lactate did not change. The data do not support the hypothesis that TM induces a unique state characterized by decreased sympathetic activity or release from stress, but do suggest that meditators may be less responsive to an acute stress.
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PMID:Renin, cortisol, and aldosterone during transcendental meditation. 37 2

Interrenal tissues from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were incubated in a defined medium under blood-gas atmosphere at 17 degrees. Rates of cortisol secretion by tissues incubated in media containing 50 mU/ml porcine-ACTH were initially much greater than those of resting tissues in hormone-free media, but after 3 to 6 hr returned to resting rates. The time course of cortisol accumulation in ACTH-containing media was the same when tissues were incubated in different volumes; the final concentrations of cortisol in these incubations were similar to each other and resembled peak in vivo concentrations in juvenile coho subjected to acute stress. Cortisol secretion rates of tissues sequentially transferred to fresh ACTH-containing media every 6 hr did not return to resting levels but remained elevated for at least 24 hr. Cortisol secretion in response to ACTH was attenuated or completely abolished in tissues incubated in media containing exogenous cortisol; this effect was reversible and dose-dependent. Our results suggest that in coho salmon, cortisol may exert ultra-short-loop negative feedback directly at the level of the interrenal gland to effect self-suppression.
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PMID:Evidence for ultra-short-loop feedback in ACTH-induced interrenal steroidogenesis in coho salmon: acute self-suppression of cortisol secretion in vitro. 132 52

Two male adult rhesus monkeys were used and caged individually. The room was temperature-controlled having a light-dark period of 12/12 hours. The animals were rapidly immobilized and immediately anesthetized with ketamine i. m. (10 mg/kg of body weight). They were bled four times at 15, 30, 45 and 60 mins after the ketamine injection, twice a week for 6 weeks. When necessary, maintenance doses of ketamine were administered. The serum levels of cortisol and prolactin after nasal instillation of a suspension of vaginal exudate showed lower values than in control conditions (nasal instillation of saline). The control levels of cortisol tended to increase up to 60 mins, whilst in experimental conditions (nasal instillation of female urine or vaginal exudate) did not show such an increase. Cortisol remained similar during the sampling and similar to the 15 mins control levels, but the difference is statistically significant only after instillation of vaginal exudate as compared with control. The levels of prolactin did not show significant variations during sampling either in control or after female urine instillation. However, the instillation of vaginal exudate decreased the prolactin levels at 15 mins which tended to recover the control levels up to 60 mins. These results support the hypothesis, discussed in a previous paper, that some chemical information from females suppresses or mitigates the effect of acute stress resulting from handling the animals before anesthesia.
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PMID:Effect of nasal instillation of female urine or vaginal exudate on serum cortisol and prolactin levels in isolated and anesthetized male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). 187 90

Cortisol is secreted as part of the stress response and has been shown to be potentially beneficial to protect against acute stress. Etomidate specifically suppresses endogenous cortisol production. The author studied cardiopulmonary and metabolic effects of hypoxia in dogs during acute adrenocortical suppression by etomidate. Six chronically tracheotomized dogs were induced with either etomidate or thiamylal. Spontaneous ventilation with constant enflurane concentration was maintained. Two hours after induction of anesthesia, isocarbic hypoxia was induced for 20 minutes. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables were recorded at specific intervals. The exact sequence was repeated after 1 hour. Cortisol was measured before, during the experiment, and 24 hours later. The experimental protocol was repeated 6 weeks later on the same dog using the other induction agent (thiamylal group versus etomidate group). Two-factor analysis of variance with contrasts tests was used for statistical analysis. The thiamylal group had a significant decrease in minute ventilation, respiratory rate, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, with increases in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, heart rate and cortisol as compared to the etomidate group. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to hypoxia were comparable in both groups. Therefore, acute suppression of cortisol secretion by etomidate did not adversely alter the responses to hypoxia under enflurane anesthesia in dogs.
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PMID:The cardiopulmonary and metabolic effects of hypoxia during acute adrenocortical suppression by etomidate in the dog. 195 Apr 6

Patients recovering from acute surgical stress often excrete increased 17-OH corticosteroids with no change in 17-ketosteroids. The explanation for these findings is unclear. In order to investigate possible divergence between cortisol and adrenal androgen metabolism in acute stress, repeated morning cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) measurements were made in patients undergoing ACTH stimulation 48 to 96 hours preoperatively, followed by determinations before and during major surgery, also performed in the morning. Cortisol and DHA are largely metabolized by the liver, so liver blood flow under a constant general anesthetic regimen known not to affect cortisol metabolism was monitored by pre- and intraoperative indocyanine green dye clearance. Results indicated no difference between the cortisol and DHA stimulation resulting from two hours of ACTH stimulation or major surgery, and a small (14.4%) decline in hepatic blood flow during general anesthesia. However, while DHA concentrations remained constant immediately preceding surgery, cortisol concentrations increased by 61% (P less than 0.05). Previous studies have also demonstrated increased concentrations of cortisol before surgical procedures, presumably due to psychological stress. However, this is the first demonstration of a dissociation between concentrations of cortisol and an adrenal androgen due to psychological stress.
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PMID:Dissociation of adrenal androgen and cortisol levels in acute stress. 298 40

A group of young men volunteering for military service in the United States Navy were studied during an acute stress situation. The subjects (S's)(N = 62) were non-swimmers, and they all had to jump from a 5-foot platform into the deep end of a swimming pool. Before and after the exposure, blood and urine samples were taken for endocrine analysis. The Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), the Coping Operations Preference Enquiry (COPE), Joffe and Nanitch Scales for Defenses (J&N), and a Mood Questionnaire (MQ) were administered. For the endocrine reactions, postsamples, 3 factors emerged: a Cortisol factor, a Testosterone factor, and a Catecholamine factor. There was a significant correlation between the Cortisol factor and defense mechanisms, evaluated both by the DMT and the paper-and-pencil tests. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between high anxiety, and defense mechanisms on the one hand, and physiological responses on the other.
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PMID:Endocrine response patterns and psychological correlates. 707 44

The ontogeny of the interrenal stress response in rainbow trout was characterized by measuring resting and acute-stress-induced changes in whole-body cortisol levels in embryos and larvae at different early developmental stages. In Experiment 1, resting cortisol levels averaged 6.0 ng/g in newly fertilized eggs, fell to less than 0.3 ng/g by the time of hatching at Week 4 (incubation at 10 degrees), and increased to 1.4 ng/g by Week 5. Cortisol levels did not change in response to acute stress in 3-, 4-, or 5-week-old fish. In Experiment 2, resting cortisol averaged 1.4 ng/g in newly fertilized eggs, fell to less than 0.03 ng/g by Week 2, and then steadily increased between Weeks 3 and 6 to a peak of 4.8 ng/g before falling to 1.2 ng/g by Week 7. Cortisol levels did not change in response to acute stress in 3-, 4-, or 5-week-old fish. Six-week-old fish showed a 2.3-fold increase in cortisol levels at 1 hr poststress, indicating that the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis first develops responsiveness to stress 2 weeks after hatching and 1 week before the onset of exogenous feeding. The stress hyporesponsive period after hatching in rainbow trout may be homologous to the 2-week stress hyporesponsive period after birth in rodents, the function of which may be to maintain low, constant corticosteroid levels during a critical developmental period when these steroids can have permanent effects on neural organization. As suggested for mammals, this period may be a time when rainbow trout are particularly vulnerable to environmental effects on their subsequent development.
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PMID:Ontogeny of the cortisol stress response in larval rainbow trout. 771 84

Six healthy males, the EMSInauts, were isolated in hyperbaric chambers for a period of 28 days at 5-msw overpressure. During that period they had to carry out meaningful operational and research tasks in addition to monitoring their psychological and physiological reactions. The actual workload was evaluated and compared with the planned workload, and its effects on symptomatology and psychobiology. The perceived workload and its effects on psychosomatic symptomatology and on some biological indices were monitored. Thus it was possible to evaluate how the workload carried during 4 weeks of isolation affected the psychological and biological well-being of the six EMSInauts. The following three types of assessments were performed: 1. Workload assessment: The objective workload was calculated based on the schedule which was revised daily, and the actual load calculated by the commander. A workload questionnaire was administered daily after each working session. 2. Psychosomatic assessment: Morning and evening questionnaires were administered daily. The state of health and of anxiety were also evaluated. 3. Biological indices: Cortisol, testosterone, adrenalin, and noradrenaline were determined once a week. In addition, cardiac activity was monitored every day. The workload assessment showed that on the average the planned workload was accomplished in slightly less than the scheduled time. The workload was not perceived as severe in terms of cognitive, emotional, and physical load. The group rated the support received from each other and from the mission control personnel as average, with minor changes during the isolation period. They gave a high rating to the amount of control they had over their activities. Fatigue and tension were scored in the middle range. The psychosomatic assessment showed that there were few symptoms, and these were mostly of low severity. The most common symptom was general fatigue. Furthermore, minor dizziness, headache and light tremor was in some cases reported. The sleep quality was good, but complaints about poor sleep increased somewhat with the passing of time. Few and mostly minor health problems were experienced during isolation. Only one EMSInaut had to miss one day of work due to a bout of flu. The state of anxiety was below that of the general population throughout the isolation period. The biological indices used showed no evidence of stress from the workload handled during the isolation period. The level of the "stress hormone" cortisol actually decreased during isolation. The adrenalin excretion, which tends to go up during acute stress, remained unchanged during this period. Neither was there any evidence of changes in cardiac activity throughout the isolation period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:European isolation and confinement study. Workload and stress: effects on psychosomatic and psychobiological reaction patterns. 816 54

The socially monogamous cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) monkey is a cooperative breeder with the breeding male providing extensive parental care shortly after birth. We examined the relationship of urinary prolactin and cortisol excretion both to male parental care and as a stress response in the cotton-top tamarin monkey. First-morning urine samples were collected to determine hormonal concentrations. Hormonal and behavioral data were collected on 8 male cotton-top tamarins during the 2 weeks before and the 2 weeks following birth of infants to their mate, 11 nonparental males with exposure to females, and three eldest sons from large family groups. Prolactin levels were significantly higher in experienced fathers during the postpartum period than in the other males, while cortisol levels were significantly lower in experienced fathers and eldest sons. Prolactin levels in experienced fathers were consistently elevated before birth, following birth, and after infants were weaned; prolactin levels during times of infant independence were still significantly higher than those in nonfather males. First-time fathers exhibited prolactin levels that were significantly higher after the births of infants than these same males did when they were paired with nonpregnant females. Elevated prolactin concentrations also occurred prior to the first birth, suggesting that males may be receiving cues from their pregnant females. The elevated prolactin levels in parental males may be associated with the experience of the fathers. Correlation between prolactin levels and number of successful births, number of previous births, and age were high. The care of newborn infants did not appear to be a stressful event since cortisol levels were not elevated postpartum. Both cortisol and prolactin were elevated following capture and injection of saline or a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, indicating that prolactin does respond to acute stress. Cortisol levels did not coincide with prolactin levels except under acute stress conditions, suggesting that different neural pathways are probably involved in prolactin release during parental care versus acute stress. These studies provide evidence that male urinary prolactin levels may be elevated due to cues from pregnant females and the constant exposure of males to the family environment.
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PMID:Hormonal responses to parental and nonparental conditions in male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, a New World primate. 891 86

Cortisol response to stress appears to differ between lactating and non-lactating animals. Lactating (14 d post partum) and non-lactating sheep were fitted with probes so that drugs and hormones could be infused directly into the posterior pituitary and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The animals were also fitted with instruments to allow monitoring of heart rate, body temperature and blood cortisol levels. Their reactions to a source of acute stress (a barking dog) were then followed, with or without drug and hormone manipulation. Results in both lactating and non-lactating animals indicated shortcomings in the use of cortisol as a stress indicator. Infusing prolactin and oxytocin into either the posterior pituitary or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus suppressed cortisol responsiveness to stress in both lactating and non-lactating animals (the latter to a greater extent). In the absence of drugs, lactating animals had a slightly higher basal level of cortisol and a lower cortisol response to stress than their non-lactating counterparts. Despite suppression of cortisol responses, with or without drugs, other indicators of stress still changed with the presence of a barking dog, suggesting the complexity of control involved in stress responses.
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PMID:Oxytocin and prolactin suppress cortisol responses to acute stress in both lactating and non-lactating sheep. 927 53


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