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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of handling, ether vapor anesthesia and blood sampling on serum LH and prolactin were determined in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. Cage removal and transport to an adjacent room increased LH and prolactin levels by 10 and 15 min after the initial animal disturbance. Intact male rats subjected to repeated ether anesthesia and blood sampling showed a more rapid increase in serum LH and prolactin than the preceding rats, since serum LH and prolactin was increased by 4, 8 and 15 min after initial cage disturbance. In a group of rats subjected to serial blood sampling over a longer time interval, both prolactin and LH levels remained higher than 90 min after initial animal handling. At 90 minutes after a single blood sampling, blood prolactin concentration remained higher than in controls. Serum LH levels returned to control levels 90 min after the stress of a single blood sampling. Although serum prolactin was increased in the castrate group subjected to serial anesthesia and blood sampling, LH concentrations were reduced under the same conditions. Injection of 5 and 50 mug of dexamethasone/100 g body wt for 8 days markedly reduced adrenocortical responsiveness to the stress of serial anesthesia and blood sampling at 1, 4, 8 and 15 min after initial rat disturbance. The 50 mug dexamethasone treatment reduced the stress-stimulated increase in serum prolactin at all blood sampling intervals. The dexamethasone-treated groups also showed smaller increases in serum LH at 8 and 15 min after first animal handling than the control rats. These results indicate that serum LH and prolactin concentrations are consistently increased by acute stress in intact male rats, the duration of the stress stimulation of LH and prolactin is at least 90 min under the conditions of this study, serum LH levels of castrate male rats are decreased by acute stress and dexamethasone administration lowers stress stimulation of LH and prolactin release.
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PMID:Effects of acute stress on serum LH and prolactin in intact, castrate and dexamethasone-treated male rats. 110 6

Two male adult rhesus monkeys were used and caged individually. The room was temperature-controlled having a light-dark period of 12/12 hours. The animals were rapidly immobilized and immediately anesthetized with ketamine i. m. (10 mg/kg of body weight). They were bled four times at 15, 30, 45 and 60 mins after the ketamine injection, twice a week for 6 weeks. When necessary, maintenance doses of ketamine were administered. The serum levels of cortisol and prolactin after nasal instillation of a suspension of vaginal exudate showed lower values than in control conditions (nasal instillation of saline). The control levels of cortisol tended to increase up to 60 mins, whilst in experimental conditions (nasal instillation of female urine or vaginal exudate) did not show such an increase. Cortisol remained similar during the sampling and similar to the 15 mins control levels, but the difference is statistically significant only after instillation of vaginal exudate as compared with control. The levels of prolactin did not show significant variations during sampling either in control or after female urine instillation. However, the instillation of vaginal exudate decreased the prolactin levels at 15 mins which tended to recover the control levels up to 60 mins. These results support the hypothesis, discussed in a previous paper, that some chemical information from females suppresses or mitigates the effect of acute stress resulting from handling the animals before anesthesia.
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PMID:Effect of nasal instillation of female urine or vaginal exudate on serum cortisol and prolactin levels in isolated and anesthetized male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). 187 90

Cortisol is secreted as part of the stress response and has been shown to be potentially beneficial to protect against acute stress. Etomidate specifically suppresses endogenous cortisol production. The author studied cardiopulmonary and metabolic effects of hypoxia in dogs during acute adrenocortical suppression by etomidate. Six chronically tracheotomized dogs were induced with either etomidate or thiamylal. Spontaneous ventilation with constant enflurane concentration was maintained. Two hours after induction of anesthesia, isocarbic hypoxia was induced for 20 minutes. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic variables were recorded at specific intervals. The exact sequence was repeated after 1 hour. Cortisol was measured before, during the experiment, and 24 hours later. The experimental protocol was repeated 6 weeks later on the same dog using the other induction agent (thiamylal group versus etomidate group). Two-factor analysis of variance with contrasts tests was used for statistical analysis. The thiamylal group had a significant decrease in minute ventilation, respiratory rate, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, with increases in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, heart rate and cortisol as compared to the etomidate group. Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to hypoxia were comparable in both groups. Therefore, acute suppression of cortisol secretion by etomidate did not adversely alter the responses to hypoxia under enflurane anesthesia in dogs.
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PMID:The cardiopulmonary and metabolic effects of hypoxia during acute adrenocortical suppression by etomidate in the dog. 195 Apr 6

In man, acute stress, like extensive surgery, leads to a rapid and prolonged decrease in serum T3 concentrations. The present study was carried out to investigate the mechanisms that underly the abrupt decrease in T3-neogenesis that occurs in response to acute surgical stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, surgically thyroidectomized, and treated with 1.2 micrograms T4/100 g BW/day, underwent wide vertical and horizontal incisions extending into the abdominal cavity while receiving light ether anesthesia. Different dietary manipulations were performed to investigate the superimposed influence of reduced carbohydrate and caloric intake on T3-neogenesis. The metabolism of 125I T4 labeled in its outer (phenolic) ring was investigated in liver, kidney, and brain homogenates of animals killed 48 h after surgery. In liver, values for the proportion of T4 degraded and the percent generation of T3 and iodide were unaffected by laparotomy. The percent T3 generation in experiments with 25 nM T4 concentration was 3.7 +/- 1.24% (mean +/- SD) in fed control animals given free access to 5% glucose, 3.4 +/- 0.67% in unoperated controls given a restricted amount of chow and 5% glucose, and 3.8 +/- 0.67% in operated animals given free access to chow and 5% glucose. As expected, T3 neogenesis in livers from unoperated animals was significantly reduced in rats fasted for 48 h and this reduction was similar in laparotomized rats fasted for 48 h after surgery. As in the liver, no effect of laparotomy on T4 metabolism in kidney and brain homogenates was observed. Finally, serum total T4 and T3 concentrations were not affected by surgery. It is concluded that acute surgical stress in thyroidectomized T4 replaced rats does not influence T4 metabolism in liver, kidney, and brain homogenates or affect the serum T4 and T3 concentrations. Since thyroid secretion of T4 (and T3) was eliminated and careful attention was paid to caloric intake in this rat model, previously reported abnormalities in serum thyroid hormone concentrations and T3-neogenesis in various states of nonthyroidal illness in man and rat, including surgery, are probably contributed to by thyroid secretion of T4 (and T3) and caloric deprivation, especially carbohydrate.
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PMID:The effect of surgical stress on the in vitro metabolism of thyroxine by rat liver, kidney, and brain. 198 15

Patients recovering from acute surgical stress often excrete increased 17-OH corticosteroids with no change in 17-ketosteroids. The explanation for these findings is unclear. In order to investigate possible divergence between cortisol and adrenal androgen metabolism in acute stress, repeated morning cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) measurements were made in patients undergoing ACTH stimulation 48 to 96 hours preoperatively, followed by determinations before and during major surgery, also performed in the morning. Cortisol and DHA are largely metabolized by the liver, so liver blood flow under a constant general anesthetic regimen known not to affect cortisol metabolism was monitored by pre- and intraoperative indocyanine green dye clearance. Results indicated no difference between the cortisol and DHA stimulation resulting from two hours of ACTH stimulation or major surgery, and a small (14.4%) decline in hepatic blood flow during general anesthesia. However, while DHA concentrations remained constant immediately preceding surgery, cortisol concentrations increased by 61% (P less than 0.05). Previous studies have also demonstrated increased concentrations of cortisol before surgical procedures, presumably due to psychological stress. However, this is the first demonstration of a dissociation between concentrations of cortisol and an adrenal androgen due to psychological stress.
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PMID:Dissociation of adrenal androgen and cortisol levels in acute stress. 298 40

In a randomised controlled study in 16 orthopaedic patients, the influence of midazolam-fentanyl-N2O/O2 anesthesia (group A) resp. halothane-N2O/O2 anesthesia (group B) on the plasma concentrations of the endocrine parameters ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol, 17-DHEA, insulin, prolactin, T3, T4, TBG (thyroxine bounded globuline) as well as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine was investigated. Additionally the metabolites glucose, lactate, free glycerin, and acetacetate were measured. Beside prolactin values, only the values for ACTH, aldosterone, cortisol, and 17-DHEA differed with respect to both anesthesia methods. Under halothane-N2O/O2 anesthesia free T4 rose initially also, here represented by T4/TBG-ratio (= FTI). However, the fall of T3 concentration showed no phase - resp. anesthesia-specific changes. Catecholamine levels reached highest values towards the end of operation resp. one hour after extubation in both groups. The insulin secretion, however, was not significantly raised in either group during acute stress phases. As an expression of modified metabolic regulation comparable rises of plasma levels of glucose, lactate, free glycerin, and acetacetate were observed under midazolam-fentanyl-N2O/O2 anesthesia as well as under halothane-N2O/O2. According to presented data, both methods of anesthesia modulated the endocrine metabolic response of the organism to surgical stress, without showing any clinically relevant advantages or disadvantages attributable to either method.
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PMID:[Endocrine reaction pattern: midazolam-fentanyl anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia]. 329 79

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence acute stress on the plasma levels of active and inactive renin in the rat. Active and inactive plasma renins were measured in calm unanesthetized normal Wistar rats (indwelling catheter) and compared to values obtained after handling, anesthesia and decapitation. All maneuvers resulted in an increase of active renin. Only anesthesia significantly reduced inactive renin. It is concluded that acute stress can significantly change the ratio of active and inactive renins in rat plasma. These changes must be taken into consideration when the influence of "physiological or pharmacological" alterations of these enzymes are under investigation.
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PMID:The influence of acute stress on active and inactive renin in the rat. 353 27

The main actions of benzodiazepines (hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, myorelaxant and amnesic) confer a therapeutic value in a wide range of conditions. Rational use requires consideration of the large differences in potency and elimination rates between different benzodiazepines, as well as the requirements of individual patients. As hypnotics, benzodiazepines are mainly indicated for transient or short term insomnia, for which prescriptions should if possible be limited to a few days, occasional or intermittent use, or courses not exceeding 2 weeks. Temazepam, loprazolam and lormetazepam, which have a medium duration of action are suitable. Diazepam is also effective in single or intermittent dosage. Potent, short-acting benzodiazepines such as triazolam appear to carry greater risks of adverse effects. As anxiolytics, benzodiazepines should generally be used in conjunction with other measures (psychological treatments, antidepressants, other drugs) although such measures have a slower onset of action. Indications for benzodiazepines include acute stress reactions, episodic anxiety, fluctuations in generalised anxiety, and as initial treatment for severe panic and agoraphobia. Diazepam is usually the drug of choice, given in single doses, very short (1 to 7 days) or short (2 to 4 weeks) courses, and only rarely for longer term treatment. Alprazolam has been widely used, particularly in the US, but is not recommended in the UK, especially for long term use. Benzodiazepines also have uses in epilepsy (diazepam, clonazepam, clobazam), anaesthesia (midazolam), some motor disorders and occasionally in acute psychoses. The major clinical advantages of benzodiazepines are high efficacy, rapid onset of action and low toxicity. Adverse effects include psychomotor impairment, especially in the elderly, and occasionally paradoxical excitement. With long term use, tolerance, dependence and withdrawal effects can become major disadvantages. Unwanted effects can largely be prevented by keeping dosages minimal and courses short (ideally 4 weeks maximum), and by careful patient selection. Long term prescription is occasionally required for certain patients.
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PMID:Guidelines for the rational use of benzodiazepines. When and what to use. 752 93

1. We have recently shown that neurones in the rostral region of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) develop a sustained increase in their intrinsic excitability within 4 h of a lesion of the vestibular receptors of the ipsilateral inner ear. This increased excitability may be important in the rapid recovery of resting activity in these neurones during 'vestibular compensation', the behavioural recovery that follows unilateral vestibular deafferentation. In this study we investigated the role of the acute stress that normally accompanies the symptoms of unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), and in particular the role of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), in the development of the increase in excitability in the rostral MVN cells after UL in the rat. 2. The compensatory increase in intrinsic excitability (CIE) of MVN neurones failed to occur in animals that were labyrinthectomized under urethane anaesthesia and kept at a stable level of anaesthesia for either 4 or 6 h after UL, so that they did not experience the stress normally associated with the vestibular deafferentation syndrome. In these animals, 'mimicking' the stress response by administration of the synthetic GR agonist dexamethasone at the time of UL, restored and somewhat potentiated CIE in the MVN cells. Administration of dexamethasone in itself had no effect on the intrinsic excitability of MVN cells in sham-operated animals. 3. In animals that awoke after labyrinthectomy, and which therefore experienced the full range of oculomotor and postural symptoms of UL, there was a high level of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus over 1.5-3 h post-UL, indicating a strong activation of the stress axis. 4. The GR antagonist RU38486 administered at the time of UL abolished CIE in the rostral MVN cells, and significantly delayed behavioural recovery as indicated by the persistence of circular walking. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist spironolactone administered at the time of UL had no effect. 5. Vestibular compensation thus involves a novel form of 'metaplasticity' in the adult brain, in which the increase in intrinsic excitability of rostral MVN cells and the initial behavioural recovery are dependent both on the vestibular deafferentation and on the activation of glucocorticoid receptors, during the acute behavioural stress response that follows UL. These findings help elucidate the beneficial effects of neuroactive steroids on vestibular plasticity in various species including man, while the lack of such an effect in the guinea-pig may be due to the significant differences in the physiology of the stress axis in that species.
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PMID:Lesion-induced plasticity in rat vestibular nucleus neurones dependent on glucocorticoid receptor activation. 1037 97

The human response to surgical stress is characterized by massive release of neuroendocrine hormones, provoking catabolism, thermogenesis, and hyperglycemia. Considering the possible adverse outcomes of excessive stress hormones, understanding various components of the stress response may improve management of postoperative morbidity. Leptin, initially described as an adipocyte-derived signaling factor, may also play an important role in regulating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. In phase I, plasma leptin and cortisol were measured in women before, during, and after total abdominal hysterectomy. The anesthetic technique was strictly controlled, balanced anesthesia. In phase II, plasma leptin and cortisol levels were measured in cardiac surgery patients. These subjects were anesthetized with a high dose opioid technique that blunts the intraoperative surgical stress response. In phase I, mean leptin levels did not change over the week before surgery, had a maximal decrease to 49% of baseline 2 h after surgery, and increased to just above baseline 24 h postoperatively. Cortisol was 176% of the baseline just before surgery, peaked at 2 h after surgery (383%), and remained elevated 24 h (200%) and 48 h (165%) after surgery. During the first 2 h of surgery, the decrease in leptin parallels the increase in cortisol. In phase II, high dose fentanyl limited both the cortisol increase and the leptin decrease; thus, the ratio of cortisol increase to leptin decrease was similar for the cardiac patients and the hysterectomy patients. These data indicate that leptin has a role in the surgically induced acute stress response in humans. Early in surgery the decrease in leptin parallels the increase in cortisol. This suggests a possible relationship between the neurobiology of these two systems, which could have important implications for regulation of the neuroendocrine response to surgical stress.
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PMID:Leptin and the perioperative neuroendocrinological stress response. 1040 18


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