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Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma somatolactin (SL) concentrations in rainbow trout were examined under various physiological and environmental conditions. Background adaptation and feeding did not affect plasma SL levels. There was no consistent change in plasma SL levels during fasting for 21 days, although increased plasma growth hormone levels and decreased condition factor, hepatosomatic index and abdominal fat, occurred. Plasma SL concentrations increased during acute stress and also during exhaustive exercise resulting from being chased in shallow water. Elevation of plasma SL was associated with those of plasma cortisol, Ca2+, phosphate, and glucose levels. On the other hand, plasma level of prolactin was not affected in the stress and exercise experiments, although plasma GH and Na+ were raised in the fish 5 min after the onset of the stress. Our results suggest the involvement of SL in calcium and phosphate metabolism, acid-base regulation, or energy mobilization in the stressed or exercised trout.
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PMID:Effects of feeding, fasting, background adaptation, acute stress, and exhaustive exercise on the plasma somatolactin concentrations in rainbow trout. 763 67

We have studied the humoral immune response (production of anti-Yersinia ruckeri antibodies), and measured the levels of plasmatic hormones (cortisol and prolactin) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) subjected to hyperosmotic stress (NaCl, 22 / 1000). Under acute stressful conditions (saline stress during 7 days), high blood cortisol and prolactin (PRL) levels were correlated with a weak anti-Yersinia ruckeri antibody response, as evidenced by late and low antibody titres as compared to normal fish. Interestingly, the group of fish subjected to chronic stress (till 30 days) exhibited no significant differences in blood cortisol and prolactin levels despite low antibody titres as compared to control group. Hence, it is possible that in acute stress, cortisol and prolactin levels might exert immunosuppressive effects on antibody production, whereas in chronic stress other neuroendocrine hormones might result in curtailed humoral immunity.
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PMID:[Antibody response, cortisolemia and prolactinemia in rainbow trouts]. 767 Oct 11

The levels of beta-endorphin, insulin, cortisol, GH, glucagon, prolactin and TSH were measured in serum samples of 9 hyperglycaemic patients (3 female, 6 male) with a mean age of 4.1 years admitted to the pediatric emergency unit. All patients were in acute stress due to severe diseases (acute gastroenteritis, bronchopneumonia, septicaemia, etc.). Initial and repeat blood samples for hormone determination were taken at admission and in the recovery phase (after 4-6 weeks of treatment). OGTT was also performed in the recovery phase. The hyperglycaemia, monitored hourly following the initial determination, returned to normal in all patients in 1-5 h without specific treatment. Mean serum glucose values at admission and in the recovery phase were 287.0 and 84.1 mg/dl. Concomitant to the hyperglycaemia encountered in these patients in the acute phase of stress, an increase was noted in all hormone levels excluding glucagon and cortisol. All elevated hormone levels fell to normal in 4-6 weeks with significant differences from initial levels for beta-endorphin (P < 0.05) and insulin (P < 0.01). OGTT gave a normal curve. These results indicate that stress hyperglycaemia, despite high insulin levels, is associated with an increase in beta-endorphin levels. The results also show that hyperglycaemia in acute disease does not alter OGTT in short-term follow up.
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PMID:beta-Endorphin and some hormonal levels in children with acute stress hyperglycaemia. 795 15

In addition to the release of adenohypophysial hormones adrenocorticotropin and beta-endorphin, most types of acute stress induce rapid release of prolactin (PRL) from the anterior pituitary lobe. Endogenous opioid peptides are believed to participate in the stress-induced PRL secretion via an action within the central nervous system. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of acute stress on anterior pituitary PRL secretion and the hypothalamic expression of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding precursors of the endogenous opioids Met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin. Adult male rats were subjected to 1 h of restraint and the stress-induced rise in plasma PRL was measured both during and after termination of the stress paradigm. Using quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry, it was observed that levels of proenkephalin A mRNA increased significantly within the medial parvocellular subset of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and within the arcuate nucleus levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA were slightly, but significantly, increased. The employed stress paradigm also induced an elevation of anterior pituitary levels of PRL and POMC mRNAs. The present data suggest that restraint stress activates gene expression of endogenous opioid systems in the hypothalamus and that the employed stress paradigm is of sufficient magnitude to stimulate both mRNA expression and release of PRL in the anterior pituitary lobe.
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PMID:Effect of acute stress on the expression of hypothalamic messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the endogenous opioid precursors preproenkephalin A and proopiomelanocortin. 798 95

Corticotropin-Releasing-Hormone (CRH) is the principal secretagogue for plasma ACTH and corticosterone secretion and plays an important role in coordinating a variety of physiological and behavioral responses to stress. To explore whether there is a rapid change in the secretory response of the hypothalamic CRH neuron during acute stress, we report here a study of the effects of KCl and norepinephrine (NE) on CRH release in vitro from rat hypothalami explanted after 5, 30, 60, and 120 minutes of immobilization. We also measured the plasma levels of ACTH, beta-endorphin, corticosterone, prolactin, GH, and TSH at these intervals. As the duration of immobilization increased, KCl and NE-induced CRH release in vitro progressively fell. After reaching a maximal rise after 30 minutes of immobilization, plasma ACTH, beta-endorphin, and prolactin progressively fell in plasma, whereas corticosterone remained elevated up to 120 minutes; TSH and GH secretion rapidly declined and remained suppressed. Taken together, these data suggest that during immobilization stress, the responsiveness of the hypothalamic CRH neuron rapidly falls, owing either to CRH depletion and/or desensitization to NE, and this is paralleled by a concomitant decrease in pituitary-adrenal responsiveness.
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PMID:Immobilization stress rapidly decreases hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vitro in the male 344/N Fischer rat. 839 19

The influence of stress on hypothalamic VIP release into the pituitary portal blood has not been assessed at present despite the fact that this peptide has been implicated in the control of several pituitary hormones and especially in the release of prolactin (PRL) caused by stress. In the present work the effect of stress on the in vivo release of VIP into the pituitary portal blood of male rats was evaluated by means of push-pull perfusion (PPP) of median eminence (EM). VIP content in the PPP liquid was successfully measured and their levels agree well with pituitary portal blood levels measured by other authors. Whereas plasma PRL levels strongly increased during acute immobilization (IMO), no changes in VIP secretion into the ME were observed. VIP release into the ME was also unaffected by exposure to ether. In contrast, in chronically immobilized rats a significant increase in VIP release into the ME was obtained in response to acute IMO. The present data argue against a major role of hypothalamic VIP in PRL release caused by acute stress and show that chronic stress qualitatively alters the signal of hypothalamic VIP to the pituitary.
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PMID:Chronic but not acute exposure to stress is associated with hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) release into median eminence. 840 65

The present study examined the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the acute stress-induced release of prolactin (PRL) in ovariectomized estrogen-primed female rats. Acute immobilization stress induced a marked increase in serum PRL levels in animals treated with saline intraventricularly (i.c.v.). However, a prior icv injection of alpha-helical CRF(9-41), a CRF antagonist, completely eliminated the immobilization-induced PRL release in the majority of animals, providing evidence for involvement of CRF in the acute stress-induced PRL release. On the other hand, an i.c.v. injection of CRF did not affect basal PRL release at any dose in non-stressed animals, suggesting that the peptide plays a permissive role which enables other undefined stress mediator(s) to stimulate PRL release.
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PMID:Permissive role of corticotropin-releasing factor in the acute stress-induced prolactin release in female rats. 859 42

Hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system were studied in 31 patients with early stage breast cancer and patients with metastatic breast cancer. Both groups received tamoxifen as first-line treatment. As a control group 15 age-matched healthy women participated in the study. The results showed that breast cancer patients had significant elevations in basal cortisol levels compared to controls. Metastatic breast cancer patients had higher cortisol levels than early stage breast cancer patients. No significant differences between breast cancer patients and controls were found in basal plasma ACTH and prolactin levels. These data provide evidence that breast cancer is associated with a hyperactive adrenal gland, which may be due to the physiological stress associated with the presence of (micro)metastases or tumor cells in the circulation, in combination with administration of tamoxifen. In response to a behavioral challenge increases were observed in plasma ACTH and prolactin. Metastatic breast cancer patients had a faster prolactin response to acute stress than healthy women. However, metastatic breast cancer patients showed a blunted ACTH response compared to healthy women. Stress-induced ACTH responses and basal cortisol levels were negatively correlated in the metastatic group only. Thus, the blunted ACTH response to the behavioral challenge might be related to hypercortisolemia suggesting that the pituitary corticotroph cell in metastatic cancer is appropriately restrained possibly by the negative feedback effects of chronic cortisol elevations. Interestingly, the behavioral challenge induced decreases in cortisol levels in all three groups. However, metastatic breast cancer patients had a faster cortisol decline compared to healthy women. We hypothesize that this is caused by increased metabolic clearance of cortisol due to increased utilization of metabolic substrates often observed in the presence of a tumor.
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PMID:Elevated basal cortisol levels and attenuated ACTH and cortisol responses to a behavioral challenge in women with metastatic breast cancer. 884 75

The socially monogamous cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) monkey is a cooperative breeder with the breeding male providing extensive parental care shortly after birth. We examined the relationship of urinary prolactin and cortisol excretion both to male parental care and as a stress response in the cotton-top tamarin monkey. First-morning urine samples were collected to determine hormonal concentrations. Hormonal and behavioral data were collected on 8 male cotton-top tamarins during the 2 weeks before and the 2 weeks following birth of infants to their mate, 11 nonparental males with exposure to females, and three eldest sons from large family groups. Prolactin levels were significantly higher in experienced fathers during the postpartum period than in the other males, while cortisol levels were significantly lower in experienced fathers and eldest sons. Prolactin levels in experienced fathers were consistently elevated before birth, following birth, and after infants were weaned; prolactin levels during times of infant independence were still significantly higher than those in nonfather males. First-time fathers exhibited prolactin levels that were significantly higher after the births of infants than these same males did when they were paired with nonpregnant females. Elevated prolactin concentrations also occurred prior to the first birth, suggesting that males may be receiving cues from their pregnant females. The elevated prolactin levels in parental males may be associated with the experience of the fathers. Correlation between prolactin levels and number of successful births, number of previous births, and age were high. The care of newborn infants did not appear to be a stressful event since cortisol levels were not elevated postpartum. Both cortisol and prolactin were elevated following capture and injection of saline or a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, indicating that prolactin does respond to acute stress. Cortisol levels did not coincide with prolactin levels except under acute stress conditions, suggesting that different neural pathways are probably involved in prolactin release during parental care versus acute stress. These studies provide evidence that male urinary prolactin levels may be elevated due to cues from pregnant females and the constant exposure of males to the family environment.
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PMID:Hormonal responses to parental and nonparental conditions in male cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, a New World primate. 891 86

We examined whether rats that were treadmill exercise trained (Tr) or chronically immobilized (CI) had similar responses by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) cortical axis to acute stress and whether the HPA responses interacted with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. After 6 wk (1 h/day, 6 days/wk) of Tr or CI, plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone ([ACTH]), [prolactin], and [corticosterone] were measured after familiar (treadmill running or immobilization) or novel (footshock) stress. Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley females (n = 72) were implanted with capsules containing estradiol benzoate (E2) and randomly assigned in a 2-group (E2 vs. no E2) x 3 treatment (Tr vs. CI vs. sedentary) x 4 acute stressor [footshock vs. treadmill running (Run) vs. immobilization (Im) vs. no stress] x 3 recovery time (1 vs. 15 vs. 30 min) mixed-model analysis of variance. E2 capsules were removed from one-half of the animals 48 h before the first stressor session. After 10 min of acute stress, blood was drawn from a jugular catheter at 1, 15, and 30 min of recovery. [ACTH] and [prolactin] after footshock were higher in Tr rats with E2 compared with CI and sedentary rats without E2; recovery levels for sedentary animals were higher after Run compared with Im. The elevation in [corticosterone] from minute 1 to 15 of recovery was higher after the familiar Run and Im conditions. Our findings are consistent with an increased responsiveness of the HPA axis to novel footshock after treadmill exercise training that is additionally modulated by the HPG axis.
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PMID:Treadmill exercise training and estradiol increase plasma ACTH and prolactin after novel footshock. 896 59


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