Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hepatic glycogen stores have long been known to decrease with starvation, trauma, acute stress, and shock. In this study, hepatic tissue was examined in 122 decedents ranging in age from 1 to 88 years who died of a variety of causes. Hepatic tissue was stained for glycogen/carbohydrates using the Best's carmine and/or period acid-Schiff (PAS)-alcian blue methods in 121 cases. The liver samples were evaluated for amount of staining, staining around hepatic injuries (if present), and presence of histologic abnormalities. Prominence of staining was decreased with increasing survival times after injury (P=.0001) and increasing postmortem interval. Staining along the edges of hepatic injuries was decreased in antemortem injuries but not in postmortem-induced injuries (P<.0001). If used in conjunction with circumstantial and autopsy information, hepatic glycogen/carbohydrate staining using the Best's carmine and PAS-alcian blue methods could greatly aid in the determination of injury survival times and the vital nature of questionable injuries in child deaths and other cases.
 ...
PMID:Hepatic glycogen staining. Applications in injury survival time and child abuse. 1156 48

The initial neuroendocrine response to critical illness illness consists primarily of activated anterior pituitary function, the peripheral anabolic pathways being inactivated. This response presumably provides metabolic substrates, establishes the host's defences and is thus considered to be adaptive and beneficial. It was previously assumed that the acute stress response persisted throughout the course of critical illness, but this assumption has now been disproved. Indeed, a uniformly reduced pulsatile secretion of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone has been observed in protracted critical illness, impairing the function of target organs. A reduced availability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone-releasing peptide receptor (possibly ghrelin) and, in very long-stay critically ill men, also growth hormone-releasing hormone seems to be involved. The pulsatile secretion of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone can be re-established by relevant combinations of releasing factors, which also substantially increase the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone dependent binding proteins, thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine and testosterone. Active feedback inhibition loops prevent the target organs being overstimulated. The metabolism is altered in a beneficial way when growth hormone-secretagogues, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are administered together, whereas the effect of single-hormone treatment is minor and accompanied by side-effects. This new concept of a selectively reduced stimulation of pituitary function in the chronic phase of critical illness unveils new therapeutic perspectives to reverse the paradoxical wasting syndrome' and intensive care dependency.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Dec
PMID:The neuroendocrine response to stress is a dynamic process. 1180 May 14

The hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis influence memory in situations of acute and chronic stress. The present review tries to summarize the current state of knowledge by describing the enhancing as well as the impairing effects of stress or glucocorticoid (GC) treatment documented in animals and humans. GCs secreted during the acquisition of a stressful task facilitate consolidation. However, acute stress (or GC treatment) unrelated to the task impairs performance. The effects of acute stress are additionally modulated by gender, age and the emotional valence of the learning material. Chronic stress in rodents has mostly impairing effects on memory and hippocampal integrity. However, other regions of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, are also sensitive to stress. In humans, similar observations have been reported in several patient populations as well as in older subjects. The potential to reverse these effects using behavioural or pharmacological approaches needs to be explored.
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 Jun
PMID:HPA axis and memory. 1278 53

Over 1.9 million U.S. veterans have been deployed to the Middle East since 2001. Statistics showthatwhentheyreturn, a significant number of them will develop psychiatric/psychosomatic disorders. Many of these returning veterans will be seen in primary-care offices or at hospitals. It is important for physicians to be familiar with combat trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and acute stress disorder (ASD). Best standard of care, pharmacological treatment of war trauma and its comorbidities-depression, suicide, aggression, addiction and other disorders are reviewed. As part of the treatment protocol, the author has also designed a 12-Step Self-Help Proposal for combat veterans with PTSD, inspired by addiction and AA self-help programs. It is an experimental design which has helped many patients but needs further research to confirm the benefit. To the best of my knowledge this is the first time that a 12-step program has been developed forwartrauma soldiers.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of war trauma in veterans: pharmacotherapy and self-help proposal. 2150 Jul 3

The positive influence of optimism on health is thought to be due in part to a reduced physiological response to stress, as manifested for instance in activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) systems. Results of previous studies support the notion that dispositional optimism can influence diurnal cortisol secretion as well as cortisol reactivity. The aim of the present study was to examine whether induced optimism can similarly affect HPA activity and thereby potentially have beneficial health effects. We assigned 66 university students to either the Best Possible Self (BPS) or an active control condition, respectively entailing two weeks of daily visualization of a positive future or time management exercises. Before and after the intervention, we assessed diurnal cortisol levels, response to awakening (CAR), and reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST), as well as optimism, affect, negative cognitions, perceived stress, and threat appraisal. Effects of the BPS intervention were tested with repeated measures ANOVA (psychological outcomes) and multilevel regression (cortisol outcomes). The BPS intervention was associated with decreases in both the CAR and cortisol responses to acute stress. Compared to controls, BPS participants showed decreased worrying and increased positive affect post-intervention; however, they did not show the expected greater increase in optimism. Within-person decreases in worrying were associated with decreased CARs, whereas both decreased worrying and increased PA were linked to attenuated stress reactivity. Results suggest that the BPS intervention can influence HPA axis reactivity, with effects on well-being variables likely mediating the process. More research is needed to determine longer-term neuroendocrine and health effects of such interventions in at-risk as well as healthy populations.
 ...
PMID:Imagining a positive future reduces cortisol response to awakening and reactivity to acute stress. 3234 76