Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0848237 (acute stress)
 4,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments were undertaken to test the general validity of the assumption that potentiation of tumour transplantability by sublethal whole body irradiation (WBI) implies some degree of immunological resistance in the intact host. A transplantable carcinoma of spontaneous origin in CBA mice which exhibits a large WBI effect was assayed quantitatively in mice which had been immunologically crippled in terms of allograft acceptance by depletion of thymus derived lymphocytes. The mean number of tumour cells required for 50% successful takes (TD50) in these mice was found to be not significantly different from that in normal controls but highly significantly greater than in WBI mice. On the other hand, in mice which underwent laparotomy immediately before assay, the TD50 was reduced significantly though not to the same extent as in WBI mice. It was concluded that WBI effect was not due to impaired host immunity but possibly to physiological changes resulting from acute stress. The hypothesis that hyperfibrinogenaemia which occurs after both WBI and laparotomy might increase tumour transplantability was rejected because of the lack of correlation between TD50 and fibrinogen levels at different times after each procedure. From this and other work it is apparent that TD50 data, in themselves, give no reliable indication of host immunity.
Br J Cancer 1975 Mar
PMID:Enhancement of syngeneic murine tumour transplantability by whole body irradiation--a non-immunological phenomenon. 115 15

The PBR is a mitochondrial protein composed of at least two subunits, an approximately 30-kDa subunit that contains the site for BZs and an approximately 18-kDa subunit that binds isoquinoline carboxamide derivatives. Porphyrins and diazepam binding inhibitor are putative endogenous ligands for these receptors, which are under neural and hormonal control. Alterations in the density of PBR seem to be a sensitive indicator of stress: up-regulation after acute stress and down-regulation induced by repeated stress. PBR-specific ligands are involved in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation, and their binding is increased in some cancer tumors. Numerous studies in various endocrine organs have revealed that PBR are located in specific regions or tissues in the organs. Furthermore, PBR densities in various organs subject to hormonal control are regulated by organotropic hormones. At least in some cases, BZ ligands do not exert a specific effect in an organ, but rather modulate the well-documented effects of that particular hormone. To the best of our knowledge, BZ ligand action in peripheral tissues is dependent on recognition of PBR, which may suggest a receptor-mediated action.
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PMID:Biochemical, physiological, and pathological aspects of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. 131 48

Depression is the most common psychiatric problem encountered among patients with cancer. The acute stress response, which occurs at pivotal points during the course of illness, is normal. However, severe or protracted depressive symptoms should be evaluated and treated. The treatment of depression, which often involves a combined regimen of psychotherapy and psychopharmacologic intervention, can result in improved compliance with therapy, a greater tolerance for the disease and its outcome, and an improved quality of life.
CA Cancer J Clin
PMID:Managing depression in the patient with cancer. 311 69

Increased survival rates resulting from advances in the treatment of cancer have led to an increased interest in patients' emotional reactions and adaptations to the illness. Depressive symptoms associated with cancer range from normal sadness through acute stress response to major depression. Chemotherapeutic agents can produce depressive and other neurotoxic side effects. Diagnosis of common emotional reactions to cancer illness and appropriate management are described. Such treatment can enhance the patient's ability to adapt to the disease and tolerate its treatments.
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PMID:Diagnosis and treatment of depression in the cancer patient. 669 49

The relationship of self-concept (self-esteem and mastery) and social support to psychological distress was studied among 68 Israeli women immediately prior to undergoing biopsy for suspected cancer (acute stress) and 3 months later for the noncancer group (everyday stress). It was predicted that women with stronger self-concepts and more social support would experience less state depression and state anxiety during the acute crisis than women with weaker self-concepts and less social support. It was further predicted that self-concept would be more critical than social support due to the acute nature of the event. Finally, self-concept was predicted to be related to psychological distress both during the acute and everyday stress situations (a direct effect), while social support was predicted to be related to psychological distress only during the acute stress situation (a buffering effect). The hypotheses were generally confirmed. However, self-concept and social support were seen as complexly related to psychological distress during the acute phase, one not necessarily being more critical than the other. The selective employment of available resistance resources to fit the situation and implications for preventive intervention were discussed.
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PMID:Coping with a threat to life: a longitudinal study of self-concept, social support, and psychological distress. 671 95

In the past several years we demonstrated that the pineal neurohormone melatonin has immunoenhancing properties and can counteract the immunodepression that may follow acute stress, drug treatment, and viral diseases or aging. Several laboratories have subsequently confirmed and extended our findings. It soon appeared evident that T-derived cytokines constitute the main mediators of the immunological effect of melatonin. We have recently found a high affinity (Kd: 346 +/- 24 pM) binding site for 125I-melatonin on T-helper-type 2 lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Activation of this putative melatonin receptor, with both physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin, resulted in an enhanced production of interleukin-4 (IL4), which in turn acted on bone marrow stromal cells and induced the release of hematopoietic growth factors. This melatonin-cytokine cascade showed the remarkable capacity of rescuing hematopoietic functions in mice treated with cancer chemotherapeutic compounds without interfering with the anticancer action of these agents. The very low concentration (0.1 nM) at which melatonin is active may well reflect a physiological function of endogenous melatonin. The pineal gland has been, in fact, reported to signal the blood forming system. The evidence of IL4 involvement is relevant to our understanding of many melatonin effects and may be part of a pineal-immune axis involving also Th1 cytokines. The ability of rescuing hematopoiesis against the toxic action of cancer chemotherapeutic compounds and the presence of high-affinity IL4 receptors on human tumors provide a further promising rationale for the clinical use of melatonin.
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PMID:T-helper-2 lymphocytes as a peripheral target of melatonin. 762 95

The permanent loss of a breast from cancer brings forth a range of emotional and behavioral reactions. As more and more women opt for immediate breast reconstruction, plastic surgical nurses need to recognize the acute stress reactions these patients are experiencing. Not only should the disease itself be treated, but the individual suffering from the disease. This article provides an overview of women's psychological responses and adjustments to the breast cancer diagnosis that plastic surgical nurses need to consider.
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PMID:A woman's psychological response and adjustment to the breast cancer diagnosis. 834 21

A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MIIO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as gamma-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.
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PMID:The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin. 848 3

In the past several years, interest in the immunophysiological role of the pineal gland and melatonin has grown to the extent that now their immunoregulatory role is widely recognized. Melatonin has immunoenhancing properties and it is able to counteract the immunodepression induced by acute stress, drug treatment (i.e., anticancer drugs), and viral infections. Here we review the therapeutic efficacy of melatonin alone or in combination with interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cancer patients who did not respond to standard anticancer chemotherapies and/or refused any aggressive treatment. In this review, we summarize a series of reports from 1986 through 1994 in which patients affected by metastatic solid tumors, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer, advanced solid neoplasms, myelodysplastic syndrome, hepatocellular carcinoma, and advanced endocrine tumors were studied. The conclusion drawn from these studies is that melatonin protects against IL-2 and synergizes with the IL-2 anticancer action. This combined strategy represents a well tolerated intervention to control tumor growth. In most cases performance status and quality of life seem improved.
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PMID:The clinical neuroimmunotherapeutic role of melatonin in oncology. 875 Mar 42

Psychological stress is extremely high in patients with oncological diseases. About 50% of all cancer patients show psychological signs and symptoms which are related to the multiple stress factors of their oncological illness. Although many psychological problems connected with cancer are well known, additional acute stress could result from new therapeutic strategies which require settings similar to intensive care, e.g. bone marrow transplantation. For 2 years the Department of Psychiatry in Innsbruck has provided a "liaison service" at the Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation. Within this observation period, 40 patients have received psychooncological care. The diagnostic distribution according to DSM III-R and specific psychooncological interventions are presented.
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PMID:[Psychiatric problems in bone marrow transplantation patients during isolation]. 899 80


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