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Query: UMLS:C0847097 (acidity)
 15,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To understand the physico-chemical factors that influence the efficacy of B. sphaericus formulation in the breeding sites of Culex quinquefasciatus, a study was carried out in Mayiladuturai area of Tamil Nadu (India). The factors studied were hydrogen ion concentration (pH), acidity, alkalinity, chlorides, phosphates, total hardness, sulphates, total solids, dissolved solids, suspended solids, nitrate nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Efficacy of the formulation was assessed in terms of reduction in larval population in the treated habitats. pH of water in the treated sites was around neutral range (mean +/- SD 7.65 +/- 0.23). Phosphate content was low (2.27 +/- 1.34 ppm) whereas chlorides (326.1 +/- 55.8 ppm) and sulphates (38.9 +/- 23.8 ppm) were high. Total hardness ranged from 206 to 462.5 ppm with a mean of 312.1 +/- 80.5 ppm. The chlorides and sulphates, though present in considerable quantity, did not have any influence on the efficacy of B. sphaericus formulation. However, the proportion of insoluble chlorides and sulphates which contribute to total hardness seemed to influence the formulation adversely.
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PMID:Efficacy of a Bacillus sphaericus formulation as influenced by the quality of Culex quinquefasciatus breeding waters. 991 8

A carbon of wood origin was oxidized with different oxidizing agents (nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and ammonium persulfate). The microstructural properties of the starting material and the oxidized samples were characterized using sorption of nitrogen. The surface acidity was determined using Boehm titration and potentiometric titration. The changes in the surface chemistry were also studied by diffuse reflectance FTIR. Water adsorption isotherms were measured at three different temperatures close to ambient (relative pressure from 0.001 to 0.3). From the isotherms the heats of adsorption were calculated using a virial equation. The results indicated that the isosteric heats of water adsorption are affected by the surface heterogeneity only at low surface coverage. In all cases the limiting heat of adsorption was equal to the heat of water condensation (45 kJ/mol). Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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PMID:Study of Water Adsorption on Activated Carbons with Different Degrees of Surface Oxidation. 992 24

Biological nitrogen fixation, especially via the legume Rhizobium symbiosis, is important for world agriculture. The productivity of legume crops and pastures is significantly affected by soil acidity; in some cases it is the prokaryotic partner that is pH sensitive. Growth of Rhizobium is adversely affected by low pH, especially in the 'acid stress zone'. Rhizobia exhibit an adaptive acid tolerance response (ATR) that is influenced by calcium concentration. Using Tn5-mutagenesis, gusA fusions and 'proteome' analysis, we have identified a range of genes that are essential for growth at low pH (such as actA, actP, exoR, actR and actS). At least three regulatory systems exist. The two-component sensor-regulator system, actSR, is essential for induction of the adaptive ATR. Two other regulatory circuits exist that are independent of ActR. One system involves the low pH-induced regulator gene, phrR, which may control other low pH-regulated genes. The other circuit, involving a regulator that is yet unidentified, controls the expression of a pH-regulated structural gene (lpiA). We have used pH-responsive gusA fusions to identify acid-inducible genes (such as lpiA), and then attempted to identify the regulators of these genes. The emerging picture is of a relatively complex set of systems that respond to external pH.
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PMID:Acid tolerance in root nodule bacteria. 1020 16

This work deals with the preparation of SiO(2)-AlPO(4)-B(2)O(3) ternary systems from impregation of a SiO(2)-AlPO(4) solid previously synthesized with B(OH)(3) (0-10% B(OH)(3), by weight). Characterization of the resulting solids has been carried out from adsorption-desorption isotherms of nitrogen, DRIFT, FT-Raman, pyridine adsorption, and (1)H, (11)B, (27)Al, and (31)P MAS NMR. The textural properties are scarcely changed by the impregnation and calcination steps. Moreover, the MAS NMR experiments indicated that the components of the solids do not interact among them. The solids were tested in the dehydration-dehydrogenation of propan-2-ol, widely used to correlate catalytic activity with the surface acid-base properties of the solids. The catalytic results indicate that the effect of boron dopping is an increase in the overall acidity of the solids. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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PMID:MAS NMR, DRIFT, and FT-Raman Characterization of SiO(2)-AlPO(4)-B(2)O(3) Ternary Catalytic Systems. 1044 28

In a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square experiment, six heifers (443 +/- 6.1 kg) fed a 61% barley grain:39% alfalfa silage diet (DM basis) were given intraruminal doses of powdered Yucca schidigera (YS). Doses of 0 (control), 20, or 60 g/d were given at 0800 daily. Ruminal content was sampled 0, 2, 4, and 6 h after dosing. Acidity, concentrations of reducing sugars, free amino acids, and peptides in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by YS. Relative to control, ruminal ammonia concentration was reduced (P < .05) 2 h after YS dosing. Ruminal propionate concentration was increased (P < .05) by YS. Protozoal numbers in the rumen were lower (P < .05) with YS than without. Yucca did not affect (P > .05) rate or extent of in situ DM degradability. Fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic activities in ruminal contents were similar among treatments (P > .05). Dry matter intake, apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, and CP, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen were not affected (P > .05) by treatment. The effect of YS on ruminal ammonia concentration likely resulted from a decreased concentration of protozoa and, presumably, from ammonia binding by YS. The effect on ruminal propionate was probably a result of a selective inhibitory effect of YS on rumen microbial species.
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PMID:Effect of Yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers. 1049 65

Nanostructured lanthanum and cerium incorporated MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized via a hydrothermal method using cethyltrimethylammonium bromide as template and trimethylammonim hydroxide as mineralizer. Characterization of these materials by X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption indicates that the resulting materials possess an MCM-41-like mesoporous structure. Atomic absorption and infrared spectroscopy studies revealed the presence of La and Ce in these materials. Their BET surface areas were ca. 590 and 700 m(2)/g for La- and CeMCM-41, respectively, whereas the average mesopore diameters were in the range between 3.0 and 3.5 nm. Total acidity determined by n-butylamine adsorption showed that the samples possess from weak to strong acid sites, the strengths of which are much higher for CeMCM-41 than for LaMCM-41. Adsorption energy distributions evaluated from low pressure adsorption isotherms indicate that the amount of surface hydroxyls is also higher for the cerium containing materials. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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PMID:Synthesis and Properties of Lanthanide Incorporated Mesoporous Molecular Sieves. 1050 78

The role of metal ions in the T- to R-allosteric transition is ascertained from the investigation of the T- to R-allosteric transition of transition metal ions substituted-insulin hexamers, as well as from the kinetics of their dissociation. These studies establish that ligand field stabilization energy (LFSE), coordination geometry preference, and the Lewis acidity of the metal ion in the zinc sites modulate the T- to R-state transition. (1)H NMR, (113)Cd NMR, and UV-vis measurements demonstrate that, under suitable conditions, Fe2+/3+, Ni2+, and Cd2+ bind insulin to form stable hexamers, which are allosteric species. (1)H NMR R-state signatures are elicited by addition of phenol alone in the case of Ni(II)- and Cd(II)-substituted insulin hexamers. The Fe(II)-substituted insulin hexamer is converted to the ferric analogue upon addition of phenol. For the Fe(III)-substituted insulin hexamer, appearance of (1)H NMR R-state signatures requires, additionally to phenol, ligands containing a nitrogen that can donate a lone pair of electrons. This is consistent with stabilization of the R-state by heterotropic interactions between the phenol-binding pocket and ligand binding to Fe(III) in the zinc site. UV-vis measurements indicate that the (1)H NMR detected changes in the conformation of the Fe(III)-insulin hexamer are accompanied by a change in the electronic structure of the iron site. Kinetic measurements of the dissociation of the hexamers provide evidence for the modulation of the stability of the hexamer by ligand field stabilization effects. These kinetic studies also demonstrate that the T- to R-state transition in the insulin hexamer is governed by coordination geometry preference of the metal ion in the zinc site and the compatibility between Lewis acidity of the metal ion in the zinc site and the Lewis basicity of the exogenous ligands. Evidence for the alteration of the calcium site has been obtained from (113)Cd NMR measurements. This finding adds to the number of known conformational changes that occur during the T- to R-transition and is an important consideration in the formulation of allosteric mechanisms of the insulin hexamer.
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PMID:Role of metal ions in the T- to R-allosteric transition in the insulin hexamer. 1052 Dec 51

For most potent antimalarial activity, the cinchona alkaloids appear to require certain electronic features, particularly a sufficiently acidic hydroxyl proton and an electric field direction pointing from the aliphatic nitrogen atom towards the quinoline ring. These observations are the result of an analysis of molecular electronic properties of eight cinchona alkaloids and an in vivo metabolite calculated using ab initio 3-21G quantum chemical methods in relation to their in vitro IC50 values against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. The purpose is to provide a profile of the electronic characteristics necessary for potent antimalarial activity for use in the design of new antimalarial agents and to gain insight into the mechanistic path for antimalarial activity. Distinguishing features of the weakly active epiquinine and epiquinidine include a higher dipole moment, a different direction of the electric field, a greater intrinsic nucleophilicity, lower acidity of the hydroxyl proton, a lesser electron affinity of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, and a higher proton affinity than the active cinchona alkaloids. A moderately potent quinine metabolite possesses some, but not all, of the same electronic features as the most potent cinchona alkaloids. Both the positioning of the hydroxyl and aliphatic amine groups and their electronic features appear to play a crucial role for antimalarial potency of the cinchona alkaloids, most likely by controlling the ability of these groups to form effective intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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PMID:Stereoelectronic features of the cinchona alkaloids determine their differential antimalarial activity. 1053 Sep 23

A component of particulate matter (PM) air pollution that may provide one biologically plausible pathway for the observed PM air pollution-health effect associations is aerosol acidity (H(+)). An increasing number of observational studies have demonstrated associations between H(+) and increased adverse health effects in the United States and abroad. Although studies have shown significant H(+) associations with increased morbidity in the United States, similar associations have yet to be shown with daily mortality. We considered a 2.5-year record of daily H(+) and sulfate measurements (May 1988-October 1990) collected in the Buffalo, New York, region in a time-series analysis of respiratory, circulatory, and total daily mortality and hospital admissions. Other copollutants considered included particulate matter [less than/equal to] 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter, coefficient of haze, ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. Various modeling techniques were applied to control for confounding of effect estimates due to seasonality, weather, and day-of-week effects. We found multiple significant pollutant-health effect associations--most strongly between SO(4)(2-) and respiratory hospital admissions (as indicated by its t-statistic). Additionally, H(+) and SO(4)(2-) demonstrated the most coherent associations with both respiratory hospital admissions [H(+): relative risk (RR) = 1. 31; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14-1.51; and SO(4)(2-): RR = 1. 18, CI, 1.09-1.28] and respiratory mortality (H(+): RR = 1.55, CI, 1. 09-2.20; and SO(4)(2-): RR = 1.24, CI, 1.01-1.52). Thus, acidic sulfate aerosols represent a component of PM air pollution that may contribute to the previously noted adverse effects of PM mass on human health, and the associations demonstrated in this study support the need for further investigations into the potential health effects of acidic aerosols.
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PMID:A time-series analysis of acidic particulate matter and daily mortality and morbidity in the Buffalo, New York, region. 1065 52

Six types of fingermillet (Eleusine coracana)-based tempe were developed by incorporating either commonbeans, groundnuts, cowpeas, mungbeans, chickpeas, sesame and/or their mixtures and fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus. The proximate and mineral composition was not changed significantly by fermentation. The protein content of tempe ranged from 13.3 to 15.7%; the total energy, 374.1 to 434.3 Kcal/100 g; the protein energy, 13.0 to 15.6%; the net dietary protein energy, 7.2 to 8.7%; and the chemical score, 61 to 71%. Tempe processing reduced the tannin and hydrogen cyanide content by 55.2 to 75.7, and 71.0 to 86.2%, respectively. It increased the content of reducing sugars, amino nitrogen, total acidity by 4 to 15, 3 to 6.9, and 4.3 to 12-fold, respectively. The in vitro protein digestibility was also improved. The developed tempe had protein quality and energy content recommended for weaning foods. The deep-fried tempe snacks were fairly organoleptically acceptable.
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PMID:Evaluation of the nutritional quality and acceptability of fingermillet-based tempe as potential weaning foods in Tanzania. 1071 73


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