Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0847097 (acidity)
 15,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The drug therapy and nutritional management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas are reviewed. The goal of therapy is to compensate for loss of electrolytes, nutrients, and water in the fistula drainage and to monitor the acid-base status of the patient. Positive nitrogen balance is essential for anabolism and closure of the fistula. Usually it is not feasible to analyze the fistula drainage for nitrogen content, and nitrogen requirements must be estimated. To prevent folic acid deficiencies, patients should receive daily doses of folic acid 1 mg orally or 0.5 mg in parenteral nutrient solutions. Positive zinc balance usually can be established with the addition to parenteral nutrient solutions of zinc 3-12 mg/day. It is not clear whether the parenteral or enteral route of nutrient administration is preferable. Drug therapy may be needed to treat diarrhea, infection, and any underlying disease. Reductions in the acidity and the volume of fluid lost may allow spontaneous closure and healing; antacids and anticholinergic drugs are not recommended for these purposes. The use of cimetidine has been effective in decreasing the acid content and volume of output from fistulas in the upper gastrointestinal tract and has allowed spontaneous healing to occur. Drainage of any intra-abdominal abscesses is essential; this should be combined with systemic antibiotic therapy. The management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas is complex because of disturbances in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and because of difficulties in determining nutritional requirements.
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PMID:Drug therapy and nutritional management of patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. 642 99

The pathways for catabolism of fructose were investigated in the type strains of Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense grown aerobically with (NH4)2SO4 as the nitrogen source. When grown on fructose, the former species possessed a complete Entner-Doudoroff pathway, whereas the latter species lacked activity for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Both species possessed a complete catabolic Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. Neither species possessed the key enzyme of the hexose monophosphate pathway, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Both species could phosphorylate fructose to fructose-1-phosphate by means of a phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system, and high activities of 1-phosphofructokinase occurred. Both species possessed glucokinase activity, but only A. lipoferum had hexokinase activity; moreover, the cells of A. brasilense were nearly impermeable to glucose, accounting for the inability of this species to grow on glucose. Both species possessed pyruvate dehydrogenase, a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle, a glyoxylate shunt, and malic enzyme. Analysis of the acidic end products for both species indicated the formation of only small amounts of various organic acids, and most of the titratable acidity was due to utilization of the ammonium ions of the medium. Gluconic acid was not formed during growth of either species on fructose but was detected during growth of A. lipoferum on glucose; this species also possessed an NADP-linked glucose dehydrogenase and gluconokinase.
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PMID:Fructose catabolism in Azospirillum brasilense and Azospirillum lipoferum. 673 86

The effects were studied of sodium monensinate dosed 125 mg on the metabolic profile of rumen fluid. The experiment was conducted under current farming conditions in a pavilion cattle fattening house. The experiment, which lasted 367 days, comprised 985 bulls of the Bohemian Spotted breed. The feed ration was based on silage with an additive of dried poultry litter and concentrates. The additive was administered in concentrate mixture, 125 mg per head/day. After the start of the experiment want of appetite to sodium monensinate was observed. The animals took approximately four weeks to adapt completely to the additive. The following characteristics were investigated to study the metabolic profile of rumen fluid: actual acidity, total titration acidity, ammonia, total nitrogen, lactic acid, total volatile fatty acids, per cent acetic acid, per cent propionic acid, molar ratio acetic acid: propionic acid, per cent iso- and n-butyric acid, absolute number of infusoria and energy net yield of volatile fatty acids. Increased levels of the clinico-biochemical parameters of the metabolic profile of rumen fluid were found in lactic acid, propionic acid and energy net yield of volatile fatty acids. The per cent of propionic acid increased at some samplings by up to 116%. A drop was recorded in total nitrogen, per cent acetic acid, per cent butyric acid, molar ratio C2 : C3 and total number of infusoria. The decrease in the per cent of acetic acid ranged around 16% and the drop in butyric acid level amounted at some samplings up to 78%. No response to the additive was observed in the other characteristics of the metabolic profile of rumen fluid.
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PMID:[The effect of Rumensin on the metabolic profile of rumen fluid in feedlot cattle]. 677 40

From each of 2 tetanic herds and 1 control herd 20 cows were randomly selected to determine serum levels of Mg, Ca, inorganic P, Na, K, Cl-, total protein, urea, GOT-activity and blood-glucose level. In rumen fluid the number of ciliates, ammonia, level, pH and total acidity were examined. Haematological investigations were carried out. Moreover dry matter and height of the herbage were measured, and meteorological measurements were utilized. The investigations were carried out before grazing and than on the 4th, 8th, 12th, and 16th day of grazing. Symptoms of metabolic disturbances and alcalic indigestion were found to be more distinct in the tetanic herds than in control herd. The method of MgO-pulverization on pastures was found to be useless. On the other hand, MgO-food-supplementation according to generally known methods was found to be of high usefulness. MgO-treatment at a dose of 50 g per cow and day in a period of 14 days before grazing effectively prevented the outbreak of hypomagnesaemia in spite of such tetanogenic factors as unfavourable weather, insufficience of dry matter in the herbage and subclinical alcalic indigestion with disturbed nitrogen metabolism.
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PMID:[Effect of preventive treatment of acute hypomagnesemia on the biochemical and morphological indicators in cows during the grazing period]. 716 97

The present research aimed to compare the physico-chemical, and organoleptic properties of Mozzarella cheese prepared with buffaloes' milk, cow's milk or blending of equal parts of both types. The manufactured cheeses were evaluated for their organoleptic characteristics as well as for pH value, acidity, moisture, fat, ash, protein, and soluble nitrogen contents. It was verified that buffaloes' milk alone or combined with cow's milk is feasible for preparing Mozzarella cheese, since no differences were found in taste, aroma nor texture as compared with cheeses manufactured with cow's milk alone. Cheeses from buffaloes' milk presented higher yields and higher fat content than the others. Their levels of titratable acidity, moisture, protein and soluble nitrogen were the lowest and their ash content and pH value were the highest. Chemical and physico-chemical characteristics of cheeses manufactured by blending buffaloes' and cow's milk were intermediate in relation to those made with any type of milk alone.
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PMID:[Use of buffalo milk as raw material in the processing of Mozzarella cheese]. 718 46

Three of five isolates of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, a mycoparasite of Sclerotinia spp., grew well on an agar medium containing mineral salts, glucose, thiamine, and glutamine or Casamino acids as the nitrogen source. The nitrogen requirement for two of the isolates was satisfied by NH4Cl, Casamino acids, or glutamine. Glutamine was the best single nitrogen source. Only one isolate, CS-1, was used in further nutritional studies. The optimum concentration of glutamine for growth was 5 g/L. Glucose, mannose, mannitol, and cellobiose were excellent carbon sources. A glucose concentration of 20 g/L was optimum. Mannitol supported greater growth than glucose with Casamino acids as the nitrogen source but glucose was the superior carbon source with glutamine as the nitrogen source. Greatest growth was achieved with a combination of these carbon and nitrogen sources. Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, isolate CS-1, required thiamine for growth and sporulation. Biotin stimulated growth. The fungus developed maximally within the range of pH 5.0-5.5 and growth was greatly reduced at a pH below 4.0 or above 6.0. Control of acidity by the periodic addition of NaOH solution permitted substantially increased growth. The optimum temperature for growth was 22.5-25.0 degrees C but production of macroconidia was greatest at 15-20 degrees C.
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PMID:Nutritional and environmental factors affecting growth and sporulation of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. 729 4

1. Unlike rhodopsin, the extracted 521-pigment of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko) is pH-sensitive and changes its spectral absorbance in the pH range of 4.5-7.3. The colour change is reversible and pH can be employed to adjust the spectral maximum anywhere between 490 nm and its native location at 521 nm.2. The hypsochromic shift with increasing acidity is opposite to that expected for the protonation of the Schiff base nitrogen and suggests an action on the secondary system of interacting charges that have long been postulated to adjust vertebrate visual pigment colour within the visible spectrum.3. Chloride ions modulate this pH effect in a systematic and significant manner. For the pigment extracted in the chloride-deficient state the colour change occurs in the pH range of 6.0-7.0, the midpoint being close to 6.5, suggesting the possible participation of the imidazole group of histidine as the functional moiety. With added NaCl the colour shifts to the region below pH 6.2.4. The modulating action of chloride is postulated to be a conformational change of the opsin leading to a shift of the secondary interacting site from one functional group to another or else to a change in pK of a single group due to the conformational alteration of the electrostatics of the system.5. At pH values between 7.5 and 9.0 a different mechanism becomes apparent. In this region a decrease occurs in the photopigment density as well as a shift in absorbance toward the blue. This alkaline effect is readily reversed either by adding NaCl or else by lowering the pH. Along with the other protective effects of chloride these ions serve to reduce or prevent this alkaline loss in density.6. Associated with this reversible photopigment loss is a reversible appearance of a product with a maximum at about 366 nm. The spectrum of this product is like that produced by the addition of 11-cis retinal to the extract. Acidification of the alkaline preparation leads to a restitution of the photopigment as well as to a reduction of the 366-product.7. Addition of hydroxylamine to the alkaline extract in appropriate concentration inhibits the restitution of pigment-521 with acid or NaCl, but adding 11-cis retinal to the system leads to restoration of the photopigment after acidification. All the evidence suggests that product-366 is either free 11-cis retinal or else held to the opsin in a form that does not alter its spectral absorbance. The alkaline effect is therefore a disruption of the aldimine bond of the visual pigment.8. In many respects the gecko 521-pigment behaves like the chicken cone pigment, iodopsin, suggesting that an investigation of the latter in terms of pH may be a worthy project for future study.9. With its ability to change colour with pH, with chloride, with nitrate, etc. the extractable gecko pigment offers possibilities for the investigation of mechanisms responsible for adjusting visual pigment absorbance throughout the visible spectrum. The techniques of circular dichroism, Raman spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, etc. may find here a suitable material for these studies.
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PMID:The gecko visual pigment: a pH indicator with a salt effect. 733 18

Commercial honeys were analysed to study their quality in the Venezuelan market and were grouped in progressive classes according to their organoleptical and physico-chemical characteristics. For that purpose, 500 honey samples were collected in 1985-1987 in different locations of Venezuela. By sensorial evaluation, 13.4% of the samples were recognized as honey frauds and 86.6% as genuine honey. The analytical results were compared with the standards established in the Venezuelan regulation for honey (COVENIN 2191-84), and 59.8% of the genuine honeys were found to be altered because they failed to fulfil the requirement for moisture content (39.8%), reducing sugars (11.2%), sucrose (17.4%), ash (31.7%), total acidity (25.5%), hydroximethylfurfural (43.2%) and diastase (34.0%). Honey frauds never fulfilled the requirements for hydroximethylfurfural and diastase. The high values found for acidity and ash content in genuine honeys with only one altered characteristic, reveal the need to review the established requirements in the national regulation for honey. It is suggested to use the nitrogen content of honey to detect honey frauds in Venezuela.
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PMID:[Classification of commercial Venezuelan honey]. 771 7

A daily diary of respiratory symptoms was collected from the parents of 1,844 school children in six U.S. cities to study the association between ambient air pollution exposures and respiratory illness. A cohort of approximately 300 elementary school children in each of six communities were asked to keep a daily log of the study child's respiratory symptoms for one year. Daily measurements of ambient sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, inhalable particles (PM10), respirable particles (PM2.5), light scattering, and sulfate particles were made, along with integrated 24-h measures of aerosol strong acidity. The analyses were limited to the five warm season months between April and August. Significant associations were found between incidence of coughing symptoms and incidence of lower respiratory symptoms and PM10, and a marginally significant association between upper respiratory symptoms and PM10. There was no evidence that other measures of particulate pollution including aerosol acidity were preferable to PM10 in predicting incidence of respiratory symptoms. Significant associations in single pollutant models were also found between sulfur dioxide or ozone and incidence of cough, and between sulfur dioxide and incidence of lower respiratory symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Acute effects of summer air pollution on respiratory symptom reporting in children. 795 46

An analytical method to measure malondialdehyde (MDA) was developed. MDA was derivatized with N-methylhydrazine (NMH) to 1-methylpyrazole (1-MP). 1-MP was extracted and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. Analyte concentration, pH, and matrix effects of 1-MP-spiked samples were investigated to determine optimal recovery conditions. Efficiencies for solid-phase extraction ranged from 95.6 +/- 0.9 to 81.6 +/- 3.5% compared to 75.0 +/- 6.4 to 67.5 +/- 9.6% for liquid-liquid extraction for 20 to 1 nmol/ml 1-MP-spiked samples, respectively. Solid-phase extraction of 1-MP was more effective than liquid-liquid extraction over a range of pH 2-8.5 and in various aqueous matrices. Addition of methanol to the matrix decreased the solid-phase extraction efficiency. Reaction yield at pH 2-8.5 showed full conversion of MDA to 1-MP following reaction with NMH. Recovery of bound MDA was investigated by incubating bovine serum albumin (BSA) spiked with MDA at 37 degrees C for 18 h and separating the free MDA and MDA-bound protein. The recovery of bound MDA from BSA increased by increasing the acidity and temperature. Specific applications of this method for biological samples are given for the analysis of endogenous MDA in the plasma and red blood cells of mice and the formation of MDA in ultraviolet-irradiated cells in culture.
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PMID:Analysis of malondialdehyde in biological samples by capillary gas chromatography. 797 60


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