Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0847097 (acidity)
 15,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

'Home made brew' (illicit liquor) is often consumed in rural areas of India. Forty-six such alcohol samples were collected from different areas to assess total acidity, pH and ethanol content. The mean ethanol content was 16.47% (v/v) (range 1.11-36.88%). Total acidity ranged between 0.56 and 10.88 with the mean of 2.85 g of sodium hydroxide/l. The mean pH was 4.20 (range 2.70-9.41).
 ...
PMID:Total acidity, pH and ethanol contents in illicit liquor (Indian home made brew). 323 26

Seven phages were fairly susceptible in vitro to the lethal effect of acidified whey, more so than the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains on which they were active. The low acidity that prevailed in the abomasum contents of calves shortly after a milk feed had little harmful effect on orally administered organisms of these phages; they flooded into the small intestine. The high acidity that prevailed later was lethal to orally administered phage organisms; few entered the small intestine. The lethal effect could be counteracted by giving CaCO3 in the feed. Low concentrations of phage-neutralizing antibodies were found in some serum samples from human beings, cattle and pigs. Antibodies to one of the seven phages were common in the human samples and antibodies to another, phage B44/1, were common in the cattle and pig samples and in bovine colostrum. Phage B44/1 antibodies in a sample of colostral whey were destroyed at pH 3.25 or less. Giving colostrum containing phage B44/1 antibodies with CaCO3 to a calf greatly reduced the numbers of orally administered phage B44/1 organisms in its alimentary tract. Antibodies to another phage were induced in the serum of a calf suffering from E. coli diarrhoea by treating it with that phage. The phages were as susceptible as the E. coli strains to the lethal action of formaldehyde and sodium hypochlorite. In contrast to the E. coli strains, they were almost completely resistant to phenol and chloroxylenol. The in vitro virulence of 21 phages varied according to the temperature at which tests were performed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Factors influencing the survival and multiplication of bacteriophages in calves and in their environment. 330 78

Effects of food and gastric acidity on the bioavailability of ketoconazole tablets were investigated in 12 volunteers using a six-treatment, randomized, Latin-square crossover design. All volunteers received all treatments, as follows: (A) ketoconazole 200 mg administered after a fast; (B) ketoconazole 200 mg with a standardized high-fat meal; (C) ketoconazole 200 mg with a standardized high-carbohydrate meal; (D) ketoconazole 200 mg after pretreatment with glutamic acid hydrochloride 680 mg as capsules; (E) ketoconazole 200 mg in a simulated achlorhydric state induced with cimetidine and sodium bicarbonate; and (F) ketoconazole 200 mg administered with glutamic acid hydrochloride in a simulated achlorhydric state. Ketoconazole concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography in plasma samples drawn immediately before and at various times over 24 hours after drug administration. Bioavailability variables, including natural logarithm transformation for area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), were subjected to analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range testing. Treatments B and C significantly prolonged the times required to achieve the peak plasma ketoconazole concentration, and treatment C also significantly reduced the peak plasma ketoconazole concentration (Cmax) compared with treatment A. There was a trend toward increased AUC values with treatment B and decreased AUC values with treatment C. Treatment D produced a higher Cmax compared with treatment A, and treatment E produced large, significant reductions in Cmax and AUC values compared with treatment A. Treatment F significantly increased AUC values and Cmax compared with treatment E.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effect of food and gastric acidity on absorption of orally administered ketoconazole. 335 20

Nucleotides of the structure P1,Pn-di(adenosine-5')-n-phosphate (n = di- through penta-) in the form of salts, and P1,P4-di(guanosine-5')tetraphosphate sodium salt have been analyzed by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry. A 0.2 molar solution of p-toluenesulfonic acid in glycerol has been evaluated as a matrix. In this matrix, the metal ions of the nucleotide salts are readily exchanged for protons, resulting in a simple spectrum with only one peak in the molecular ion region corresponding to the free phosphoric acid of the nucleotide plus or minus a proton (positive or negative mode), instead of the multiplicity of peaks arising from a series of metal and matrix adduct ions found with glycerol as matrix. The detection limit for analytes using this matrix is improved by a factor of ten compared to glycerol alone. It appears that the high acidity and the surfactant properties of p-toluenesulfonic acid both contribute to this result. Useful spectra are obtained from 250 ng of each of the above mentioned nucleotides, with the detection limit being somewhat lower in the positive mode. However, both positive and negative FAB spectra are useful and the results are complementary.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of sub-microgram quantities of nucleotides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. 340 23

1. Single-barrelled pH-sensitive microelectrodes filled with liquid ion exchanger were used to study the layer of microclimate pH in the vicinity of the surface of rat jejunum in vitro. 2. During perfusion with a Na+-containing solution of pH 7.30, a layer having a pH gradient ranging from 7.30 (pH of the luminal bulk phase) to 6.05 +/- 0.03 (pH of the deepest region) was detected in eighteen different animals. The thickness of the layer was estimated to be 600-700 microns. No regional difference was seen along the height of the villus. 3. The addition of D-glucose to the perfusion solution significantly augmented the acidity of the deepest region without changing the thickness of the layer. On the other hand, the elimination of Na+ from the perfusion solution caused a significant reduction of the pH gradient. The lowest pH changed from a control value of 6.18 +/- 0.15 (n = 13 measurements from three animals) to 6.46 +/- 0.06 (n = 13). The gradient was sensitive to amiloride in the presence of Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl- had no significant effect on the microclimate pH. 4. Depletion of the surface mucus by treatment with dithiothreitol significantly raised the pH of the deepest region. 5. Glycylglycine and L-carnosine were found to reduce the microclimate pH gradient significantly, while glycine did not. 6. These results indicate that H+ secretion by the Na+-H+ antiport and the formation of mucus layer are important factors for maintaining the microclimate pH layer, and that H+-coupled co-transport, such as H+-dipeptide co-transport, causes a significant diminution of the microclimate pH gradient.
 ...
PMID:Factors affecting the microclimate pH in rat jejunum. 344 78

The effects of 1-[(S)-3-acetylthio-2-methylpropanoyl]-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanine (alacepril, DU-1219) an antihypertensive compound with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity, and its metabolite, desacetyl-alacepril (DU-1227), on the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems and on the blood were compared with those of captopril in the experimental animals. Alacepril and DU-1227 at the i.v. dose of 10 mg/kg gradually lowered the diastolic blood pressure in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Captopril showed similar effects. However, the former two compounds showed triphasic effects on the carotid blood flow, i.e., transient increase immediately after the injection, second increase 2 min later, and gradual decrease 20-30 min later. The second increase by DU-1227 was more potent than that by alacepril. Alacepril, DU-1227 and captopril did not affect the pressor responses induced by norepinephrine in anesthetized cats. The contractions of the nictitating membrane in cats induced by electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve or epinephrine were depressed with high doses of these three compounds. Captopril potentiated the contractions induced by bradykinin in isolated guinea-pig ileum, while alacepril and DU-1227 were without effect. These three compounds neither affected the resting tension of isolated ileum in guinea-pigs and rabbits nor the contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin and nicotine of isolated guinea-pig ileum. Alacepril at the oral dose of 60 mg/kg decreased the total acidity in pylorus ligated rats, and at higher doses depressed the intestinal charcoal meal passage in mice. Alacepril at comparatively low doses decreased the urine volume with slight reduction of Na+ and K+ excretions in saline-loaded rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:General pharmacology of the novel angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor alacepril. 1st communication: Effects on cardiovascular, visceral and renal functions and on blood. 351 77

Congenital chloride diarrhoea is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by life-long watery diarrhoea of prenatal onset with high faecal Cl- concentration. Seventy-nine patients have so far been reported. The basic defect involves the active Cl-/HCO3- exchange mechanism of the distal ileum and colon. The defect causes impaired absorption of Cl-, acidity of intestinal contents because of impaired excretion of HCO3-, and, secondarily, impaired Na+ absorption. Intra-uterine diarrhoea leads to hydramnios and often to premature birth. Unless adequately treated, most patients will die of hypo-electrolytaemic dehydration within the 1st few months of life. Some infants will survive in such a state, with severe alkalosis, hypochloraemia, hypokalaemia, and retarded growth and development. Their plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations will become grossly elevated, and pathological changes will develop in the kidneys. The diagnosis is established when faecal Cl- concentration exceeds 90 mmol/l after water and electrolyte deficits have been corrected. Congenital chloride diarrhoea should be treated with full oral replacement of the faecal losses of Cl-, Na+, K+, and water. This therapy will abolish all the secondary disorders, provide for normal growth and development, and prevent renal disease. Though this therapy does not abolish the diarrhoea, most children will become toilet trained at a normal age, their social adjustment will be unimpaired, and they will live a perfectly normal life.
 ...
PMID:Congenital chloride diarrhoea. 352 96

Mediated transport of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (DAS) occurs in the mammalian ocular lens. At physiological pH, there is negligible cellular uptake of reduced L-ascorbate (AS). In the calf, inhibition by analogues and by cytochalasin B, and saturability with increasing concentration provide evidence of a transport-system for DAS, apparently by facilitated diffusion, since entry was independent of external Na+. The lenticular transporter for DAS evidently is interrelated with that for hexoses, as determined by kinetic studies and inhibition by analogues. Although the two ligands bind initially to separate sites, they probably permeate cellular membranes of this tissue via a common channel. Investigation of AS in the calf's lens over the range, pH 5.0-7.4, showed that uptake increased with increasing acidity in contrast to DAS and D-glucose, whose uptake decreased. This behavior of AS was attributed to back-titration of its enolic hydroxyl group to give the un-ionized moiety, which penetrated as readily as DAS under comparable able conditions, and apparently undergoes mediated transport.
 ...
PMID:Transport of vitamin C in the lens. 362 82

The effect of gastric pH on the viability and virulence of Yersinia enterocolitica O:8 after exposure to sublethal concentrations of copper and chlorine was determined in mice. Viability and injury were assessed with a nonselective TLY agar (tryptic soy broth containing lactose, yeast extract, and agar) and two selective media, TLYD agar (TLY agar plus sodium deoxycholate) and CIN agar (cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar). Both copper and chlorine caused injury which was manifested by the inability of the cells to grow on selective media. CIN agar was more restrictive to the growth of injured cells than TLYD agar. Injury of the exposed cells was further enhanced in the gastric environment of mice. Besides injury, the low gastric pH caused extensive loss of viability in copper-exposed cells. Lethality in the chlorine-exposed cells was less extensive, and a portion of the inoculum (5.2 X 10(5) of 1 X 10(7) inoculated cells) reached the small intestine 5 min postinoculation. No adverse effect on the injured cells was apparent in the small intestine, and a substantial revival (approximately 70%) of the injury occurred in 3 to 4 h after intraluminal inoculation. The virulence of chlorine-stressed Y. enterocolitica in orally inoculated mice was similar to that of the control culture, but copper-stressed cells showed reduced virulence. Virulence was partly restored by oral administration of sodium bicarbonate before the inoculation of copper-exposed cells. Neutralization of gastric acidity had no effect on the virulence of the control or chlorine-stressed cells. The results of this study indicate that the extensive injury caused by the low gastric pH does not affect the virulence potential of chlorine-exposed cells. However, extensive cell death in the mouse stomach is responsible for the reduced virulence of the copper-stressed bacteria.
 ...
PMID:Survival and virulence of copper- and chlorine-stressed Yersinia enterocolitica in experimentally infected mice. 366 14

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfites are well-described causes of bronchoconstriction in persons with asthma that are chemically related and, therefore, may share a common mechanism of action. When either sulfur species dissolves in aqueous solutions, a pH-dependent equilibrium is established predominantly among bisulfite ion (HSO3-), sulfite ion (SO3=), and SO2. In addition, hydrogen ions may be released. To assess the relative bronchoconstricting potencies of these chemical forms and the role of acidity caused by the release of hydrogen ions in SO2- and sulfite-induced bronchoconstriction, we administered to 10 asthmatic subjects nebulized sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) solutions at pH 9 containing 95% sulfite, at pH 6.6 containing 80% bisulfite, and at pH 4 containing 99% bisulfite but greater than an order of magnitude more SO2 than the pH 6.6 solutions. Subjects inhaled increasing concentrations of aerosolized Na2SO3 at each pH during 1 min of tidal breathing. Subjects also breathed buffered acetic acid aerosols with the same acidity of the pH 4 Na2SO3 solutions to control for the airway effects of acid aerosols. To assess sensitivity to SO2 gas, subjects inhaled increasing concentrations of SO2 during eucapneic hyperpnea. Bronchoconstrictor response was assessed by measuring specific airway resistance (SRaw) before and after each challenge. Nine of the 10 subjects developed bronchoconstriction after inhaling the Na2SO3 aerosols at all 3 levels of pH and the SO2 gas. The mean concentration of Na2SO3 solution calculated to increase SRaw by 100% above baseline was significantly different (p less than 0.01) at the various levels of pH: pH 4 (0.17 mg/ml) less than pH 6.6 (0.49 mg/ml) less than pH 9 (2.10 mg/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:The roles of pH and ionic species in sulfur dioxide- and sulfite-induced bronchoconstriction. 367 74


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>