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Query: UMLS:C0847097 (acidity)
 15,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infrared spectra of time- and size-classified atmospheric particulate samples collected with a inertial impactor reveal the presence of acid sulfate in the submicrometer-sized fraction. Although the degree of acidity is highly variable with time, the acidic nature of the particles is observed at all times of the day and may persist for several days in urban areas.
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PMID:Spectroscopic observation of acid sulfate in atmospheric particulate samples. 0 56

The effects of premedication on gastric juice volume and pH were evaluated in five groups of 206 pediatric patients undergoing elective surgical procedures: Group 1 (Control) received no premedication; Group 2 was given morphine sulfate and pentobarbital as premedicants. The other groups received, in addition to morphine and pentobarbital, atropine (Group 3), scopolamine (Group 4), or glycopyrrolate (Group 5). After endotracheal intubation, gastric aspirates were examined for volume, pH and color. Neither premedication with morphine and pentobarbital nor addition of atropine or scopolamine to the premedication significantly altered volume. In patients treated with glycopyrrolate, volume was reduced to less than a third of that of patients in Group 1 (P less than 0.001), and the percentage of pH's higher than 2.5 was significantly greater than in other groups. The incidences of unobtainable samples and samples with pH's higher than 2.5 were greatest with atropine (32.0 per cent, P less than 0.05) and glycopyrrolate (58.1 per cent, P less than 0.01). In 60 per cent of the bile-stained specimens, pH's were below 2.5. It is concluded that because of its selective inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretions, glycopyrrolate appears superior to other anticholinergic drugs. The reduction of gastric juice volume and acidity produced by glycopyrrolate would have important clinical implications in case of accidental aspiration. It is also concluded that bile staining of gastric contents is not a reliable indicator of gastric juice pH.
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PMID:Premedicant drugs and gastric juice pH and volume in pediatric patients. 0 24

Aqueous solutions of polysorbate 20 undergo autoxidation on storage, with the peroxide number increasing and subsequently decreasing again, the acidity increasing continuously, the pH and surface tension falling and tending to level off, and the cloud point dropping sharply until turbidity begins at room temperature. The changes are accelerated by light, elevation of temperature, and a copper sulfate catalyst. At the same time, hydrolysis occurs, liberating lauric acid. Analysis of the alterations in these properties leads to the conclusion that hydrolysis has the major influence near room temperature and that oxyethylene undergoes chain shortening at temperatures above 40 degrees. However, evidence of degradation is detectable even in previously unopened commercial samples of polysorbates 20, 40, and 60, warranting attention to the stability of and standards for these surfactants as compared with the solid alkyl ether type of nonionic surfactant.
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PMID:Autoxidation of polysorbates. 3 49

The effect of magnesium on calcium- and pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion and on calcium-induced gastrin secretion were studied in healthy volunteers. Intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate increased serum gastrin concentration as well as gastric volume secretion, acidity, and acid output. Addition of magnesium sulfate to the infusion caused a slight but insignificant increase in serum gastrin concentration, whereas volume secretion, acidity, and acid output were significantly depressed. Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate had no effect on gastric acid secretion induced by a submaximal pentagastrin infusion. The results indicate that magnesium antagonizes the activation of gastric acid secretion by calcium without suppressing gastrin release and may suggest that magnesium does not change the sensitivity of the parietal cell to gastrin.
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PMID:Interaction of calcium and magnesium on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentration in man. 23 10

The results suggest that the effectiveness of sulfates in prolonging the antibacterial activity of teeth treated with chlorhexidine gluconate is related to the acidity and concentration of the sulfate solutions. The acidity may contribute to the effectiveness by modifying the tooth surface for enhanced reaction with sulfate ions. It is suggested that during the priming process bonded crystals of calcium sulfate develop which become transformed by treatment with chlorhexidine gluconate to relatively insoluble chlorhexidine sulfate.
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PMID:Prolongation of antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine adsorbed to teeth. Effect of sulfates. 26 46

Glycoproteins were isolated in the contents of two sinus mucoceles by ionic exchange and gel filtration chromatography. These glycoproteins are of the mucin-type and characterized by their richness in carbohydrate, a low amino acid content with a strong proportion of hydroxy amino acids. However, they differ largely by their peptide axis, the length of the carbohydrate chain and their acidity, which is in relation with the presence of sialic acid residue and of sulfate groups. The least acidic mucins are the richest in sialic acid residue and in threonine but have the shortest carbohydrate chains while the most acidic are rich in sulfate, richer in serine and have longer carbohydrate chains. The wall of these two mucoceles has only one type of cell capable of synthetizing the glycoproteins: the epithelium goblet cells revealed by the PAS and the alcian blue at different pH. Glandular formations have never been found in the chorion.
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PMID:[Study of mucins of two sinus mucoceles (author's transl)]. 49 95

An artificial pyritic coal spoil was prepared and examined over a period of 1.5 years for changes in the population of various physiological varieties of bacteria and also for mineral leaching. Heterotrophic bacteria were the first to dominate the spoil, acquiring a population of 10(7) cells per g within 2 weeks. Bacteria capable of utilizing choline sulfate as the sole source of energy comprised approximately 1% of the total heterotrophic bacteria. Sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria (Thiobacillus) and finally iron-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) increased in the population, the latter becoming the dominant species where acidity was greatest. Partition of species paralleled partition of acidity in the spoil. Maximum acidity (pH 2.6) and maximum population of T. ferrooxidans (greater than 10(7) cells per g) occurred at the summit. Molds (notably, Aspergillus), algae (Chlorococcales, Oscillatoria, Navicula), cilliated and flagellated protozoa, an arthropod (Podura aquatica), and a moss (aberrant Physcomitrium pyriforme) were observed. The mineral salts leached from the spoil, in decreasing order, were the sulfates of magnesium (predominantly hexahydrite), calcium (gypsum), sodium, aluminum (alunogenite), and iron.
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PMID:Microbial succession and mineral leaching in an artificial coal spoil. 73 42

Sulfated glycoproteins having blood group H activity were isolated from the sputum of a child suffering from cystic fibrosis, by reduction of the fibrillar mucus, chromatography on ECTEOLA-cellulose, and gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The sulfated glycoproteins were degraded with alkaline borohydride, and the degradation products were fractionated by chromatography on ion exchange resins and by gel filtration. The carbohydrate chains thus obtained have a wide heterogeneity with regard to acidity and molecular size. The neutral chains contain blood group H active oligosaccharides and incomplete chains as short as 1 residue of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose. The minimal size of the neuraminic acid-containing chains is less than that of the sulfated chains, which increases with the degree of sulfation. The sulfate groups are linked at C-6 at the D-galactose residues.
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PMID:Heterogeneity of the carbohydrate chains of sulfated bronchial glycoproteins isolated from a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis. 111 99

The gastrointestinal (GI) physiology of beagle dogs was regulated with a combined-treatment of intramuscular pentagastrin (10 micrograms/kg x 2) and intravenous atropine sulfate (0.02 mg/kg x 1). Here, the gastric acidity, the gastric emptying time and the small intestinal transit time in the regulated-dogs were respectively around pH 2, 0.7h and 4h, approximating those in healthy humans. The superiority of the regulated-dogs over the intact dogs was confirmed in comparative bioavailability studies by using two classes of commercial preparations. Both the conventional tablet and the sustained-release capsule of diclofenac sodium exhibited simple and similar average plasma concentration-time curves of free diclofenac in the intact dogs, while the latter preparation is reported to reveal a bimodal plasma curve of the drug in healthy humans. The regulated-dogs, however, permitted a bimodal average plasma pattern of the drug for the capsules due to an approximation of the GI physiology between humans and these classes of the dogs. The combined-treatment of beagle dogs with pentagastrin and atropine sulfate seems to supply a useful animal model in predicting the absorption characteristics of the sustained-release preparations and poor water-soluble drugs.
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PMID:Bioavailability study of commercial sustained-release preparations of diclofenac sodium in gastrointestinal physiology regulated-dogs. 129 33

As part of a multi-year study of air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in the Buffalo, Albany, and New York City, New York, metropolitan areas, filter samples were collected daily at suburban air monitoring sites and analyzed for their content of particulate phase aerosol strong acidity (i.e., hydrogen ion, H+) and sulfate (SO4 = ). In addition, daily hospital admissions for respiratory causes, other community air pollutant measurements (e.g., ozone, O3), and meteorological data (e.g., temperature) were also obtained for these metropolitan areas. The summer months (June-August) were selected for analysis because that is when the highest H+ (and O3) are usually experienced at these sites, and because these months are rarely complicated by other major influences (e.g., high pollen counts). Thus, any pollution-admissions relationships were expected to be most clearly discernible in this season. Prior to the health effects analysis, the summer admissions and environmental data were first detrended to eliminate long-wave autocorrelations, and day-of-week effects were removed via regression. Cross-correlations of the filtered 1988 and 1989 admissions and environmental data revealed strong associations between elevated summer haze pollution (i.e., H+, SO4 =, and O3) and increased total respiratory and asthma admissions on the same day and/or on subsequent days in Buffalo and New York City, especially during the summer of 1988 (when pollution levels were more extreme). Regression analyses indicated that the pollution-admissions associations remained significant (p < 0.05) even after the simultaneous inclusion of lagged daily maximum temperature. Mean effects calculations for these cities indicated that summertime haze can play a significant role in the occurrence of respiratory admissions in that season: accounting for an average 6 to 24% of 1988 Buffalo and NYC asthma admissions (depending on the pollutant index employed). O3 consistently had the highest mean effects estimates. Relative risk (RR) calculations indicated that the risk of admission for asthma was increased by a factor of 1.19 to 1.43 in these cities on maximum 1988 summertime pollution days, with H+ consistently having the highest RR estimates. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that ambient acid aerosol peaks (e.g., H+ > or = 100 nmol/m3) can potentiate the respiratory disease effects of O3. Associations were weaker in the less urbanized Albany metropolitan area and in the New York City (NYC) suburbs, even though the NYC suburban O3 exposures were similar to (and the H+ concentrations may even be somewhat higher than) those in the center city.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:A multi-year study of air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions in three New York State metropolitan areas: results for 1988 and 1989 summers. 133 18


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