Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0847097 (acidity)
 15,165 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Predictable hydrolysis of [3H]digoxin-12alpha occurred in vitro with incubation in HCl or gastric juice. Hydrolysis varied with pH, time, temperature and agitation. Digoxin, the bis- and mono-digitoxosides of digoxigenin and digoxigenin were separated by silica gel thin-layer chromatography using chloroform-ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid (25:25:1 v/v) and were quantitated by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Hydrolysis with incubation at 37 degrees and pH 3 for 90 min was minimal, but increased with increasing acidity until greater than 70% was hydrolysed at pH 1-2 after 30 min and greater than 96% after 90 min incubation. At pH 0-9, 87% was hydrolysed after 30 min. In vitro hydrolysis in gastric fluid was slightly less than in HCl at the same pH. A volunteer was given 150 muCi[3H]digoxin-12alpha by nasogastric tube during a pentagastrin infusion when gastric pH was 0-94. He remained on his left side and samples were aspirated at intervals and immediately neutralized. Ethanol-chloroform 50-50 (v/v) extracts of the gastric fluid aspirated after 90 min and of all the urine specimens collected for 5 days were applied to a DEAE Sephadex LH-20 column. The radioactivity appeared in a single peak as digoxigenin in the 90 min gastric aspirate and in all urine specimens. Extensive intragastric hydrolysis of digoxin may occur under conditions of maximum acid output.
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PMID:Hydrolysis of digoxin by acid. 1 78

The effect of glucose, maltose and sucrose on the synthesis of volatile oils during fermentation of model carbohydrate solutions (6, 8 and 11%) by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 776 was studied. The composition and concentration of carbohydrates affected the build-up of volatile fatty acids during fermentation. The accumulation of biomass and volatile fraction of fatty acids reached maximum on the medium containing 11% glucose. There was a certain correlation between the biomass synthesis and accumulation of volatile fatty acids, i.e. with an increase in the biomass the content of volatile fatty acids in the medium increased. During fermentation of disaccharide solutions cell multiplication diminished and the fermentation process accelerated. Ethanol, residual sugar and acidity of fermented solutions increased with the initial concentration of carbohydrates. The pH value of the fermented must remained essentially unaltered independent of the sugar amount used.
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PMID:[Effect of carbon composition of the fermented medium on the synthesis of volatile acids by the yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 776]. 3 19

Ethanol concentrations were determined in the gastric juice of 53 patients treated with a nasogastric tube. Significant ethanol concentrations ranging from 1 to 27 mmol/l were found in a subgroup of 29 patients receiving cimetidine (n = 22) or antacids (n = 7). The mean ethanol concentration in these patients was higher 1-2 h after a liquid meal (means +/- SEM, 6.95 +/- 2.6) than in the fasting state (3.44 +/- 2.1; p less than 0.05). In the second subgroup of 24 patients, who were not treated with cimetidine or antacids, ethanol concentrations in gastric juice of more than 1 mmol/l were found in 6 cases, with maximal ethanol values of 2.2 mmol/l. The alcohol concentration correlated significantly with the pH of the gastric juice. It is assumed that an increase in the yeast and/or bacterial population in the stomach due to the reduction of gastric acidity induced by cimetidine or antacids is responsible for the enhanced production of ethanol.
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PMID:The effect of cimetidine treatment on ethanol formation in the human stomach. 651 21

Acute gastric ulcerations were produced in fasted rats by pylorus ligation or by administration of polymyxin B or absolute ethanol. In pylorus-ligated rats pirenzepine 25 mg/kg per os decreased by about 50% the ulceration score, without affecting gastric acid and pepsin output. A similar percentage inhibition of ulceration score with no change of gastric acidity was obtained with pirenzepine 5 mg/kg per os in the case of gastric lesions provoked by polymyxin B. Ethanol-induced gastric lesions were also markedly reduced by pirenzepine, with 50% inhibition occurring with the dose of 25 mg/kg. The release of catecholamines from rat isolated gastric tissue during stimulation of sympathetic periarterial nerves was significantly reduced by pirenzepine 1 X 10(-6) g/ml. The present results indicate that pirenzepine significantly reduced gastric lesions induced by various stimulants; the protective effect of pirenzepine did not appear to be related to increased sympathetic tone.
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PMID:Gastric cytoprotection by pirenzepine: role of endogenous catecholamines. 654 13

Detailed nutrient requirements were determined to maximise efficacy of a sulphate-reducing bacterial mixed culture for biotechnological removal of sulphate, acidity and toxic metals from waste waters. In batch culture, lactate produced the greatest biomass, while ethanol was more effective in stimulating sulphide production and acetate was less effective. The presence of additional bicarbonate and H2 only marginally stimulated sulphide production. The sulphide output per unit of biomass was greatest using ethanol as substrate. In continuous culture, ethanol and lactate were used directly as efficient substrates for sulphate reduction while acetate yielded only slow growth. Glucose was utilised following fermentation to organic acids and therefore had a deleterious effect on pH. Ethanol was selected as the most efficient substrate due to cost and efficient yield of sulphide. On ethanol, the presence of additional carbon sources had no effect on growth or sulphate reduction in batch culture but the presence of complex nitrogen sources (yeast extract or cornsteep) stimulated both. Cornsteep showed the strongest effect and was also preferred on cost grounds. In continuous culture, cornsteep significantly improved the yield of sulphate reduced per unit of ethanol consumed. These results suggest that the most efficient nutrient regime for bioremediation using sulphate-reducing bacteria required both ethanol as carbon source and cornsteep as a complex nitrogen source.
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PMID:A comparison of carbon/energy and complex nitrogen sources for bacterial sulphate-reduction: potential applications to bioprecipitation of toxic metals as sulphides. 898 95

The present work was done to investigate the possible effects of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) on gastric secretion and ethanol-induced ulcer in rats. Thirty two adult male rats were used in this study (four groups) and several parameters were determined to assess any degree of protection. It was found that the administration of NSO in rats produced a significant increase in mucin content and glutathione level and a significant decrease in mucosal histamine content. Ethanol administration produced a 100% ulcer induction with an ulcer score of 12.62+/-1.35 (mean+/-S.E., n=8). It caused a significant reduction in free acidity and glutathione level while it produced a significant increase in mucosal histamine content. When animals were pretreated with NSO before induction of ulcer, there was a significant increase in glutathione level, mucin content and free acidity and a significant decrease in gastric mucosal histamine content with a protection ratio of 53.56% as compared to the ethanol group. It can be concluded that NSO imparted a protective action against ethanol induced ulcer in rats.
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PMID:Effects of Nigella sativa oil on gastric secretion and ethanol induced ulcer in rats. 1096 86

The solubility of gas-phase ethanol (ethyl alcohol, CH3CH2OH, EtOH) in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions was measured in a Knudsen cell reactor over ranges of temperature (209-237 K) and acid composition (39-76 wt % H2SO4). Ethanol is very soluble under these conditions: effective Henry's law coefficients, H, range from 4 x 10(4) M atm(-1) in the 227 K, 39 wt % acid to greater than 10(7) M atm(-1) in the 76 wt % acid. In 76 wt % sulfuric acid, ethanol solubility exceeds that which can be precisely determined using the Knudsen cell technique but falls in the range of 10(7)-10(10) M atm(-1). The equilibrium concentration of ethanol in upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric (UT/LS) sulfate particles is calculated from these measurements and compared to other small oxygenated organic compounds. Even if ethanol is a minor component in the gas phase, it may be a major constituent of the organic fraction in the particle phase. No evidence for the formation of ethyl hydrogen sulfate was found under our experimental conditions. While the protonation of ethanol does augment solubility at higher acidity, the primary reason H increases with acidity is an increase in the solubility of molecular (i.e., neutral) ethanol.
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PMID:Uptake and dissolution of gaseous ethanol in sulfuric acid. 1672 87

The effect of controlled fermentation processes on the profile of volatile and other biochemical compounds of cv. Conservolea green olives processed by the Spanish method was studied. The different treatments included: (a) inoculation with a commercial starter culture of Lactobacillus pentosus, (b) inoculation with a wild strain of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from a previous fermentation, (c) uninoculated spontaneous process (control). Microbial growth, pH, titratable acidity, reducing sugars, organic acids and volatile compounds were monitored. Starter cultures were effective in establishing an accelerated fermentation process. Both were able to reduce the survival period of Enterobacteria by 7 days, minimizing thus the likelihood of spoilage. Higher acidification of the brines and faster pH drop was observed in inoculated processes, with L. pentosus presenting better performance than the wild strain of L. plantarum. Lactic and acetic were the major organic acids detected by HPLC, the concentration of which increased in the course of fermentation. Citric and malic acids were also present in the brines but they were degraded completely within the first 2 weeks of fermentation. Ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, isobutyric acid were the major volatile compounds identified by GC. Their concentration varied greatly among the fermentation processes, reflecting varying degrees of microbial activity in the brines.
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PMID:Changes in volatile compounds and related biochemical profile during controlled fermentation of cv. Conservolea green olives. 1694 76

Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) is a plasma glycoprotein that is primarily synthesized in the liver and binds cortisol and progesterone with high affinity. In this study, a CBG secreting hepatocellular carcinoma derived cell line (HepG2) was used to investigate the hormonal regulation of hepatic CBG synthesis. HepG2 cells were grown for 72 h in 30, 300 and 3000 nM concentrations of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), insulin, thyroxin (T4) and dexamethasone (DMZ) and the secreted CBG quantified by a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) was carried out to determine the effects of these hormones on the relative distribution of CBG glycoforms. Insulin, T4 and high concentrations of E2 decreased the secretion of CBG by HepG2 cells (p<0.05). Ethanol, the solvent used for E2, T and DMZ, also significantly attenuated CBG secretion. 2D-PAGE resolved 13-14 glycoforms of CBG produced by HepG2 cells. Insulin caused a reduction in the synthesis of more acidic, while T4 and DMZ decreased the production of more basic CBG glycoforms. Stimulation with E2 resulted in the synthesis of additional isoforms of increased acidity, which may represent a type of CBG only seen during pregnancy in vivo. Possible physiological implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Hormonal effects on the secretion and glycoform profile of corticosteroid-binding globulin. 1702 48

The ethanol extract of Toona ciliata Roemer (heart wood) was evaluated for its anti-ulcer activity against aspirin plus pylorous ligation induced gastric ulcer (antisecretory), HCl-ethanol induced ulcer (cytoprotective) and water immersion stress induced ulcer in rats. We found that Toona ciliata extract at a dose of 300mg/kg p.o. markedly decrease the incidence of ulcers in all the three models. Ethanol extract of Toona ciliata showed significant reduction in gastric volume, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index. The plant extract also showed gastro protective activity (52.94%), whereas standard drug sucralfate showed 94.85%. Toona ciliata extract showed protection index 43.0% in water immersion stress induced ulcer, whereas standard drug omeprazole showed protection index 100%.
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PMID:Anti-ulcer activity of crude alcoholic extract of Toona ciliata Roemer (heart wood). 1713 60


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