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Query: UMLS:C0751295 (memory loss)
 3,619 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Chicks were trained to avoid pecking either a red or a blue bead in a one-trial avoidance task by coating one bead with methy anthranilate. They avoided the aversant bead on retention tests 10 to 180 min or 24 hr after learning, but not the neutral bead. Intracranial administration of ouabain or cycloheximide (CXM) 5 min before learning resulted in decay in retention after 10 and 30 min respectively following learning, discrimination being effective prior to those times. In a second experiment, chicks were trained on three physically distinct beads, two of which were made aversive during the learning period, the training trials separated by an hour. Saline-treated chickens retained memory of both aversive beads on retention trials 180 min later. CXM- and ouabain-treated chickens showed loss of memory for the bead associated with the drug but showed retention of the task which was not associated with the drug.
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PMID:Drug effects on sucessive discrimination learning in young chickens. 97 9

Memory loss, as measured by the Wechsler Memory scale was examined as a function of diastolic blood pressure during a 6.5-year follow-up period among individuals initially tested in their 60's. On the initial testing, memory was not related to blood pressure. At the end of the follow-up period, the hypertensives showed greater impairment in memory for nonverbal material involving time limits and a psychomotor component than did their age peers with normotensive and borderline elevations of blood pressure. The hypertensives' poor performance, however, was found only on specific sub-task items and appeared not to be influenced by item difficulty alone but rather by other performance factors such as difficulty in deciding what to do, understanding test instructions, or state anxiety associated with the testing situation. Memory for highly meaningful verbal material was not related to blood pressure.
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PMID:Memory and blood pressure in the aged. 101 37

A clinical and neuropsychological study of 10 vascular patients with signs of circulatory insufficiency in the vertebro-basilar-posterior cerebral territory in whom the dominant symptom was loss of memory with relative idemnity of other intelectual functions is presented. In 5 cases clinical signs of acute infarct in the posterior cerebral artery territories existed in the form of amnesic infarct. The disturbances and the localization of the lesion confirmed by paraclinical examinations (EEG, angiography of the posterior circulation, radioisotope scan) are discussed.
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PMID:[Memory disorders in posterior vertebrobasilar cerebral artery insufficiency]. 105 97

Recent research on the effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on memory is critically reviewed. Despite some inconsistent findings, unilateral nondominant ECT appears to affect verbal memory less than bilateral ECT. Adequate research on multiple monitored ECT is lacking. With few exceptions, the research methodologies for assessing memory have been inadequate. Many studies have confounded learning with retention, and only very recently has long term memory been adequately studied. Standardized assessment procedures for short term and long term memory are needed, in addition to more sophisticated assessment of memory processes, the duration of memory loss, and qualitative aspects of memories.
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PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy and memory. 110 Jul 81

Some forms of confabulation ('confabulation of denial') seem due to the need to deny demential dissolution by replacing information pointing to illness with expressions suggesting normal health and efficiency. Seventy-six unselected patients affected by senile dementia were investigated in order to study the relationships between confabulation of denial and (a) stage attained by the demential process; (b) degree of memory loss, and (c) personality features and cultural models of the patients. Confabulations of denial were absent in the initial and the most advanced stages of dementia, whereas they frequently occurred in the stages of state and of evolution of illness. Memory loss did not seem to be directly responsible of the symptom, while personality features and social cultural models seemed to have a definite valence in the development of confabulation of denial. Some implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Confabulation of denial in senile dementia. An experimental study. 120 84

The author, by giving an outline of one particular case as well as a survey of the relevant literature on transient global amnesia, describes the characteristic clinical picture that is characterized by a sudden loss of what is known as the short-time memory, which usually lasts for several hours, as well as by retrograde amnesia which sometimes dates back to many years. The condition gradually fades away within a few hours or during a night's sleep, and what remains is lack or loss of memory for the episodic period or sometimes retrograde amnesia. Relapses were not observed in the majority of patients. The disease usually develops in people in their sixth to eighth decades of life. The cause of the disease is not yet fully understood. Accordingly, it is justified to use such terms as autochthonous or cryptogenic amnestic episodes. The disease is also discussed from a differential diagnosis point of view.
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PMID:[Amnestic episodes. (Isolated episodes of confusion with amnesia, amnesic ictus, transient global amnesia)]. 122 7

Two experiments examined the extent to which retrograde amnesia (RA) is attenuated by prior learning experiences. In Experiment 1, rats initially received either passive avoidance training in a step-through apparatus, exposure to the apparatus, or noncontingent footshock. When training on a second but different passive avoidance task was followed by hypothermia treatment, RA was obtained only in the latter two groups. In Experiment 2, one-way active avoidance training, yoked noncontingent shocks, or apparatus exposure constituted the initial experience. Subsequent step-down passive avoidance training and amnestic treatment resulted in memory loss for the prior apparatus exposure group, but not for either of the preshocked conditions. These experiments demonstrate that certain types of prior aversive experience can substantially modify the magnitude of RA, and, in conjunction with other familiarization studies, emphasize a paradox for interpretations of RA based solely upon CNS disruption. The possibility that hypothermia treatment serves as an important contextual or encoding cue necessary for memory retrieval was considered. It was suggested that prior experience may block RA by enabling rats to differentiate training and treatment conditions.
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PMID:Effects of prior aversive experience upon retrograde amnesia induced by hypothermia. 123 6

Rehearsal, backward counting, and production of alpha brain-waves were used as interpolated tasks in a Brown-Peterson paradigm to determine their effect upon verbal retention. A within-subjects design was used in which trained subjects were told on a given trial either to produce alpha rhythm, mentally rehearse, or count backward following presentation of a CCC trigram. Results for the backward-counting condition duplicate, for the retention intervals used, the shape of the classic Peterson and Peterson forgetting curve but indicate little loss of memory in either the rehearsal or alpha conditions. No siginificant difference was found between the alpha production and rehearsal conditions.
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PMID:Alpha brain wave production as an interpolated task in a Brown-Peterson paradigm. 127 77

T cell precursors are first detected in the thymus at eight weeks of gestation. By 15 to 20 weeks of gestation, T-cell precursors expressing alpha beta and gamma delta T-cell receptors are present in the thymus in numbers relatively similar to those found in postnatal life. However, recent data suggest that T-cell receptor diversity is more limited during fetal and neonatal life than in adults. Additionally, the functional capacity of T cells in the fetus and neonate is immature, in that neonatal T cells express a limited repertoire of lymphokines in response to activation. Specifically, the production of the lymphokines, interferon-gamma and interleukin-4, which participate in the maturation of cytotoxic cells, activation of macrophages, and the maturation and modulation of B cell function and isotype expression, is reduced more than tenfold compared to cells from adults. This appears to result primarily from the lack of memory T cells in the fetus and neonate, reflecting their antigenic naivete. The difference in lymphokine expression is due to diminished transcription of these genes in neonatal T cells in response to activation. Preliminary data indicate that differences in essential promoter elements regulating transcription of these lymphokine genes plays a role in their differential expression in T cells.
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PMID:Ontogeny of T lymphocyte function in the neonate. 128 62

Despite considerable experimental work on Alzheimer's disease (AD), the underlying cognitive mechanisms as well as the precise localization of neuropathological changes critical for memory loss remains undefined. A review of the neuropsychological literature on long-term memory deficits in AD patients suggests that AD patients display (a) a pervasive deficit of explicit memory, (b) a partial deficiency of implicit memory for verbal and visuoperceptual material (as measured by repetition priming procedures), and (c) a substantial sparing of implicit memory for visuomotor skills. The explicit memory loss is likely a result of encoding as well as consolidation difficulties. A faulty lexical-semantic knowledge structure appears responsible for deficient repetition priming effects. Since neuropathological changes diffusely affect the brain of AD patients, establishing a clear relationship between localization of cerebral lesions and memory deficits is particularly difficult. Nevertheless, data suggest that extensive involvement of the hippocampal-amygdala complex plays a major role in explicit memory loss. Damage to associative cortical areas likely is involved in repetition priming deficits. The relative integrity of primary motor and sensory cortical areas and of the basal ganglia likely subsume, by contrast, the normal learning of visuomotor skills.
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PMID:Memory deficits in Alzheimer's patients: a comprehensive review. 130 Feb 19


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