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Query: UMLS:C0740577 (acute abdominal pain)
 1,982 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) enables fast and thin acquisition of the abdominal anatomy. This allows multi-pass multi-planar studies that can be obtained during defined circulatory phases. When bolus timing is adequate, arterial phases with high contrast levels provide "free lunch" CT angiographies eliminating the need for diagnostic angiographies in most cases. In addition to established clinical indications for abdominal CT such as preoperative MDCT of the liver or pancreas, MDCT of the abdomen is especially gaining ground in the work up for acute abdominal pain and abdominal trauma and is opening new indications for MDCT of the gastrointestinal tract. Indications for gastrointestinal MDCT include tumors, bleeding and ischemia of the small and large bowel as well as diverticulitis. The question of whether to use positive or negative contrast material for bowel distention for MDCT of the gastrointestinal tract is still a controversial issue. In selected cases, modifying the protocol to perform a "CT enteroclysis" might improve sensitivity and specificity in depicting small bowel tumors or inflammatory changes such as in Crohn's disease. The most common gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumor is the gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). MDCT may show hypervascular submucosal masses. Acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is common with patients presenting with melena, hematemesis or hematochezia. In addition to the established initial work-up MDCT is beginning to establish itself for this indication. It may be especially helpful in the work up of obscure bleeding. Another relatively rare but important cause for acute abdominal pain is mesenteric ischemia. It may be caused by many conditions and may mimic various intestinal diseases. Bowel ischemia severity ranges from transient superficial changes of the intestinal mucosa to life-threatening transmural bowel wall necrosis. CT can demonstrate changes in ischemic bowel segments accurately, is often helpful in determining the primary cause of ischemia, and can demonstrate important coexistent findings or complications.
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PMID:MDCT of the abdomen. 1865 67

Spontaneous dissection of a visceral artery without associated aortic dissection is rare, although more cases have recently been reported because of the advancement of diagnostic techniques. The risk factors, causes, and natural history of spontaneous isolated visceral artery dissection are unclear. Treatment with open surgery, endovascular stenting, or anticoagulation therapy has been proposed; however, there is no consensus on the optimal management. We present three cases of spontaneous and isolated dissection of visceral arteries. Dissection involved the superior mesenteric artery in one and the celiac artery in two. All three patients presented with acute abdominal pain but lacked any peritoneal irritation. The patients were treated nonoperatively with anticoagulants or antiplatelets. No surgical or endovascular intervention was performed. Follow-up imaging studies demonstrated improvement of the dissection in two patients and no change in one patient. All patients were symptom-free over a mean follow-up of 17 months. Nonoperative treatment with close observation is an acceptable strategy in the management of spontaneous isolated dissection of visceral arteries. Emergent intervention is not mandatory in symptomatic patients without evidence of acute bowel ischemia or hemorrhage.
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PMID:Management of symptomatic spontaneous isolated visceral artery dissection: is emergent intervention mandatory? 1877 86

Adnexal torsion is a rare cause of acute abdominal pain during pregnancy. It is frequently associated with ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or with ovarian masses, mainly of functional origin. The clinical, laboratory and imaging findings are non-specific. The authors present four cases with adnexal torsion diagnosed during the first trimester of pregnancy. The clinical picture, the mode of diagnosis, and the therapeutic approach are discussed. In two cases, the adnexa was removed, because there was extensive hemorrhage and ischemia. In the other two cases, unwinding of the adnexa was carried out and the ovary was preserved. The diagnosis of adnexal torsion is difficult, especially during pregnancy, and occasionally remains a diagnostic dilemma. It necessitates a prompt surgical intervention, because any delay leads to irreversible ovarian necrosis, so that adnexectomy is ultimately required.
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PMID:Adnexal torsion during pregnancy: report of four cases and review of the literature. 1884 Jan 81

An 82 year old male patient presented with acute abdominal pain. Computer tomography revealed portomesenteric vein gas and a paralytic ileus due to an acute mesenteric ischemia. Because of the presence of peritoneal signs immediate surgical exploration was performed. The diagnosis of a non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia with bowel infarction was confirmed during surgery and pathologically. The patient survived without any severe consequences.
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PMID:[An 82 year old patient with severe abdominal pain and air in the portal vein]. 1905 87

The interdisciplinary management of acute abdominal pain involves experienced specialists in both internal medicine and visceral surgery. The essential approach is to shorten the time between begin of symptoms, contact with a medical practitioner, diagnosis and therapy through identification of patients at risk, eg. of mesenteric ischemia. The characteristics of abdominal pain may help to identify the underlying disease. However, in children, in the elderly or in immune-compromised patients the symptoms may be nonspecific. Effective management of acute abdominal pain involves a careful history taking, ultrasound, electrocardiography and blood tests. Computed tomography of abdominal organs and visceral vessels is probably important already at the beginning of the diagnostic work up. Time consuming diagnostic steps should not be undertaken.
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PMID:[Acute abdomen from the internal medicine point of view]. 1918 Apr 16

Internal hernias are a specific cause of acute abdominal pain and are a well-known complication after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Although internal hernias are a rare cause of intestinal obstruction, they may evolve towards serious complications, such as extensive bowel ischemia and gangrene, with the need for bowel resection and sometimes for a challenging reconstruction of intestinal continuity. The antecolic position of the Roux limb is associated with a decrease in the incidence of small-bowel obstruction and internal hernias. The best prevention of the formation of these hernias is probably by closure of potential mesenteric defects at the initial operation with a non-absorbable running suture. We present a patient in late pregnancy with a small-bowel volvulus following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity and discuss the available literature. For a favorable obstetric and neonatal outcome, it is crucial not to delay surgical exploration and an emergency operation usually is mandatory.
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PMID:Small-bowel volvulus in late pregnancy due to internal hernia after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. 1918 55

We report the case of a 56 years old male patient, smoker, obese, with untreated arterial hypertension, hospitalized on 16.02.07 with the diagnosis of inferior acute myocardial infarction, for which he received thrombolysis with streptokinase, followed by anticoagulation with non fractioned heparin. Two days later he started to complain of acute abdominal pain, and laboratory findings showed a low hemoglobin level. Imaging findings (ultrasonography and CT scan) showed evidence of subcapsular liver haematoma, caused by bleeding at hepatic and splenic level. He received red blood packed cells, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, activated factor VII and was transferred by helicopter to Fundeni Clinical Institute--Intensive care unit (ICU). On admission, the patient was conscious, anxious, dyspneic, with mild hypoxia, with no signs of low cardiac output and with a painful abdomen. ECG, echocardiography and elevated myocardial necrosis enzymes confirmed myocardial infarction. Shortly after admission there was a worsening of his clinical condition, with a decrease in hemoglobin level despite red blood packed cells administration (Hb=7.8 g/dl) and thrombocytopenia (82000/mmc), with normal coagulation tests, thus suggesting active intraabdominal bleeding. Echography and CT scan confirmed bleeding. Emergency surgery was performed, showing massive haemoperitoneum (approx 4.5 L of blood), due to spontaneous rupture of a subcapsular hematoma in the liver. The surgical hemostasis was performed on the liver parenchyma laceration. Duration of surgery was 4 hours. There were no significant cardiac events during surgery (no signs of ischemia on ECG, no ST elevation), despite the need for inotropic agent. After surgery, the patient was referred to the ICU, intubated and ventilated, with inotropic support - dobutamine. Sequential ECG's, enzymatic trend and echocardiographies were performed to monitor myocardial ischemia. The outcome was favourable, no further bleeding and no postoperative myocardial infarction occurred. Secondary prevention was started early (thromboprophylaxis, selective beta-blocker, angiotensin inhibitors and statins). The patient had a favorable outcome and was discharged from the ICU the fourth day after surgery. He had a total length of stay in hospital of seven days, with a follow-up in the cardiology department.
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PMID:[Liver rupture of a subcapsular haematoma after pharmacologic revascularization (Streptokinase) for acute myocardial infarction--case report]. 1926 Jun 36

Lupus mesenteric vasculitis (LMV) is a unique clinical entity found in patients who present with gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, and is the main cause of acute abdominal pain in these patients. LMV usually presents as acute abdominal pain with sudden onset, severe intensity and diffuse localization. Other causes of abdominal pain, such as acute gastroenteritis, peptic ulcers, acute pancreatitis, peritonitis, and other reasons for abdominal surgery should be ruled out. Prompt and accurate diagnosis of LMV is critical to ensure implementation of appropriate immunosuppressive therapy and avoidance of unnecessary surgical intervention. The pathology of LMV comprises immune-complex deposition and complement activation, with subsequent submucosal edema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis and thrombus formation; most of these changes are confined to small mesenteric vessels. Abdominal CT is the most useful tool for diagnosing LMV, which is characterized by the presence of target signs, comb signs, and other associated findings. The presence of autoantibodies against phospholipids and endothelial cells might provide information about the likelihood of recurrence of LMV. Immediate, high-dose, intravenous steroid therapy can lead to a favorable outcome and prevent serious complications such as bowel ischemia, necrosis and perforation.
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PMID:Lupus mesenteric vasculitis can cause acute abdominal pain in patients with SLE. 1941 94

A 19 year-old woman admitted to Emergency Department with hypotension, sudden loss of vision and acute abdominal pain. Ultrasound and computed tomography demonstrated an occipital infarct in brain and ruptured intraperitoneal cyst of hydatid liver disease. Urgent laparotomy was performed and it included aspiration of cyst contents, peritoneal washing and drainage. Her vision loss improved by 15 hours postoperatively but generalized seizures were started. Weakness in all extremities was present. Cranial MRI demonstrated ischemia in the areas of middle, posterior and anterior cerebral arteries. She was discharged from the hospital with severe neurological deficits (unable to walk, not able to eat herself). Neurological deficits were improved with physiotherapy after two years. There was no recurrence of hydatid cysts in the follow-up of three years. We assumed that anaphylaxis after intraperitoneal rupture of hydatid liver cyst resulted with hypotension and reduced cerebral perfusion, caused the acute vision loss and other neurological symptoms. This unusual presentation of intraperitoneal rupture should be kept in mind particularly in endemic areas of hydatid disease.
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PMID:Blindness following rupture of hepatic hydatid cyst: a case report. 1980 64

Acute abdominal pain with peritonitis due to sudden extravasation of lymph into the peritoneal cavity is a rare condition that is often mistaken for other causes of acute abdomen. The diagnosis of spontaneous chylous peritonitis is rarely suspected preoperatively, usually misdiagnosed with diverse common surgical emergencies. We report the case of an 81 year old female who presented with typical symptoms of acute abdomen, presumed as acute mesenteric ischemia. The diagnosis of chylous peritonitis was established during laparoscopy and treatment consisted of low fat diet and octreotide.
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PMID:Acute spontaneous chylous peritonitis: report of a case. 2092 2


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