Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Group B rotaviruses (GBRs) are associated with episodes of acute diarrhea in humans and a variety of animal species. To date, these agents have not been well adapted to growth in tissue culture, and evaluation of human sera for antibodies directed against GBRs has been hindered by the inability to obtain standardized and highly purified preparations of GBR antigens. In order to evaluate the reactivities of antisera with a highly specific antigen, we prepared a full-length cDNA clone of gene 8 of the IDIR strain of GBR. This clone was transcribed with T7 RNA polymerase, and the resulting RNA was translated in vitro with rabbit erythrocyte lysates. The polypeptide expressed from IDIR gene 8 was specifically precipitated by antibody directed against IDIR but not by antibody directed against ADRV (adult diarrhea rotavirus) or bovine strains of GBR. Subsequent immunoprecipitation reactions confirmed the presence of anti-IDIR antibodies among the U.S. population. Of 129 human serum specimens, 3 specifically immunoprecipitated the IDIR gene 8 polypeptide.
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PMID:In vitro transcription and translation of group B rotavirus strain IDIR gene 8 and immunoprecipitation by human sera. 131 36

Active chloride (Cl-) secretion by intestinal crypt enterocytes is the central pathophysiological disturbance in most cases of acute diarrhoea. We examined monolayers of the human intestinal cell line T84 mounted in Ussing chambers to see whether the T-cell lymphokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) might affect the Cl- secretory properties of these cells, which morphologically and functionally resemble native crypt enterocytes. Pretreatment of T84 cell layers with IFN-gamma for 24 h (but not for 3 h) markedly decreased the Cl- secretory response to vaso-active intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and to cholera toxin and carbachol without appreciably affecting the overall morphology, electrical resistance, or cyclic AMP response of the T84 cell monolayer. The IFN-gamma treatment, however, did induce subtle changes in the T84 cell membrane protein composition which might have affected ion channels regulating Cl- secretion. Our results may indicate a possible novel 'cell-mediated' immune mechanism through which activated gut T cells could modulate the extent of intestinal electrolyte and fluid secretion in, for example, enteric infections.
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PMID:Gamma-interferon-mediated down-regulation of electrolyte secretion by intestinal epithelial cells: a local immune mechanism? 255 90

The gut hormone response to a breakfast meal was studied in 12 subjects hospitalised for an episode of acute diarrhoea (presumed infective) who were otherwise well and in 13 healthy control subjects. Fasting blood glucose concentrations were low but basal insulin concentrations were raised. Basal concentrations of pancreatic polypeptide and both basal and postprandial responses of motilin, enteroglucagon, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were also significantly greater than controls. No abnormalities in plasma concentrations of gastrin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) or pancreatic glucagon were found. The suggested physiological actions of the raised hormones may be relevant to the pathophysiology of diarrhoea.
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PMID:Gut hormones in acute diarrhoea. 634 84

Acute diarrhoea continues to carry a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Intestinal infection is the major cause of acute diarrhoea although the prevalence of individual pathogens varies according to geographic location. In many countries in the industrialized world, reports of intestinal infections continue to increase; these are largely related to waterborne and foodborne outbreaks. Acute diarrhoea may be due to increased intestinal secretion, commonly as a result of infection with enterotoxin-producing organisms (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae) or to decreased intestinal absorption from infection with organisms that damage the intestinal epithelium (enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella sp., Salmonella sp.). Although oral rehydration therapy has reduced the mortality associated with acute diarrhoea, the diarrhoea attack rate remains unchanged and stool volume often increases during the rehydration process. The search for agents that will directly inhibit intestinal secretory mechanisms and thereby reduce stool volume has been going on for more than 20 years. Research during the past decade has highlighted the importance of neurohumoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea, notably the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neural reflexes within the enteric nervous system. Cholera toxin, E. coli enterotoxins and Clostridium difficile toxin A are known to invoke these mechanisms in diarrhoea pathogenesis. This new dimension of intestinal pathophysiology has already exposed possible novel targets for anti-secretory therapy, namely, 5-HT receptor antagonists, substance P antagonists and the possibility for potentiating the proabsorptive effects of endogenous enkephalins by use of enkephalinase inhibitors. There now seems to be a real possibility that anti-secretory therapy will become more widely available in the future.
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PMID:Novel targets for the pharmacotherapy of diarrhoea: a view for the millennium. 1110 Sep 92

Acute infectious diarrhoea continues to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although oral rehydration therapy has reduced the mortality associated with acute diarrhoea, stool volume often increases during the rehydration process. Therefore, for > 20 years there has been a search for agents that will directly inhibit intestinal secretory mechanisms and thereby reduce stool volume. The most obvious target for antisecretory therapy has been the chloride channel and second messengers within the enterocyte. So far, this search has been largely unrewarding, although recent evidence suggests that a new class of chloride channel blocker is effective in vitro but further evaluation in humans is required. In addition, research during the past decade has highlighted the importance of neurohumoral mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diarrhoea, notably the role of 5-hydroxtryptamine, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neural reflexes within the enteric nervous system. This new dimension of intestinal pathophysiology has already exposed possible novel targets for antisecretory therapy; namely, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists, substance P antagonists and sigma-receptor agonists. There is also the possibility for potentiating the proabsorptive effects of endogenous enkephalins by using enkephalinase inhibitors. There now seems to be a real possibility that antisecretory therapy will become more widely available in the future.
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PMID:Novel agents for the control of secretory diarrhoea. 1521 18

Non-vibrio cholera has been recognized as a clinical entity for as long as cholera was known to be caused by Vibrio cholerae. Until 1968, the aetiologic agent of this syndrome was not known. Following a series of studies in patients with non-vibrio cholera it was found that these patients had large concentrations of Escherichia coli in the small bowel and stools which produced cholera toxin-like enterotoxins, and had fluid and electrolyte transport abnormalities in the small bowel similar to patients with documented cholera. Furthermore, these patients developed antibodies to the cholera-like enterotoxin. Later studies showed that these strains, when fed to volunteers produced a cholera-like disease and that two enterotoxins were found to be produced by these organisms: a heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) which is nearly identical to cholera toxin, and a heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), a small molecular weight polypeptide. E. coli that produced one or both of these enterotoxins were designated enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). ETEC are now known not only to cause a severe cholera-like illness, but to be the most common bacterial cause of acute diarrhoea in children in the developing world, and to be the most common cause of travellers' diarrhoea in persons who visit the developing world.
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PMID:The discovery of cholera - like enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli causing secretory diarrhoea in humans. 2141 91