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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of infections with H1N1- and H3N2-influenza viruses, porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in feeder pigs shortly after their entry into fattening units was examined. Ten groups of pigs with acute respiratory disease during the months September to October 1991 and seven groups of pigs with acute diarrhoea during the months February to March 1992 were investigated. On arrival in the fattening herds, more of the pigs were negative for antibodies against H1N1-influenza virus and against PRCV during September to October (61 and 50 per cent, respectively) than in February to March (51 and 34 per cent, respectively). There was serological evidence of a triple infection with PRCV and both influenza viruses in seven of the 17 groups; dual infections with PRCV and H1N1-influenza virus occurred in nine groups and with H1N1- and H3N2-influenza viruses in one group. Seroconversion against TGEV was not detected in any of the 17 groups, but seven of them had seroconverted to PEDV. Multiple infections with PRCV and either one or both of the influenza viruses were thus very common shortly after the introduction of feeder pigs into the fattening herds. There was no association between the type and/or multiplicity of these infections and respiratory disease, but infections with PEDV were clearly associated with outbreaks of diarrhoea.
Vet Rec 1994 Dec 17
PMID:Prevalence of infections with enzootic respiratory and enteric viruses in feeder pigs entering fattening herds. 790 Feb 43

A prospective study was done to identify Cryptosporidium in the stools of young children, aged 2 months to 3 years, admitted to hospital. Of a total of 387 stool samples from 387 individuals, 131 stool specimens forming the control group were from children with non-diarrheal, respiratory tract infections, 200 and 56 stool samples were from children with acute diarrhea and prolonged diarrhea, respectively. No Cryptosporidium was discovered in the control group. Only 1 sample positive for Cryptosporidium was found in the group with acute diarrhea, whereas 4 samples of Cryptosporidium were found in the group with prolonged diarrhea. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in the group with prolonged diarrhea was significantly higher than the other two groups (p < 0.05). In those children with prolonged diarrhea, Cryptosporidium should always be included in the differential diagnosis.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1993 Dec
PMID:High prevalence of Cryptosporidium in young children with prolonged diarrhea. 793 49

Diarrhoea is the most common illness affecting travellers to developing countries. Our study was designed to compare the efficacy of a single 500 mg dose of ciprofloxacin with placebo for treatment of acute diarrhoea in travellers. British troops who were within their first 8 weeks of deployment in Belize and who presented within 24 h of the onset of diarrhoea, were randomized to receive either ciprofloxacin 500 mg or placebo. Every subject recorded the number and consistency of stools and presence of any other associated symptoms for 72 h or until recovery. Of 88 subjects enrolled, 83 were evaluable, of whom 45 received ciprofloxacin and 38 placebo. Groups did not differ with regard to duration or severity of diarrhoea at randomisation. Mean (SE) duration of diarrhoea, as assessed by time to the last liquid and last unformed stool, was reduced from 50.4 (4.5) h and 53.5 (4.4) h, respectively, in the placebo group to 20.9 (3.4) h and 24.8 (3.8) h in those receiving ciprofloxacin (p < 0.0001). Mean number of liquid stools was reduced from 11.4 (1.2) in the placebo group to 5.0 (0.7) in the ciprofloxacin-treated group (p < 0.0001). The cumulative percentages of subjects with no unformed stool after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h were, respectively, 64%, 82%, and 93% in the ciprofloxacin group and 11%, 42%, and 79% in the placebo group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, and not significant, respectively). A single 500 mg dose of ciprofloxacin was an effective empirical treatment for reducing the duration and severity of diarrhoea in travellers. The regimen should maximise compliance and reduce the cost and duration of therapy.
Lancet 1994 Dec 03
PMID:Randomised trial of single-dose ciprofloxacin for travellers' diarrhoea. 798 48

The protective effect of a human strain of Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) against murine Group A rotavirus (MRV) was examined in the intestines of BALB/c infected mice. In experiments designed to determine whether B. bifidum mediated MRV shedding during diarrheal disease, pregnant dams (and their expected litters) were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1. Mice infected with MRV alone; 2. B. bifidum treated + MRV infected mice; 3. B. bifidum treated controls; 4. Saline control animals. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of group A rotavirus was used to measure virus protein. Treatment with B. bifidum significantly reduced shedding of MRV antigen (P < 0.009) days 2-10 post-inoculation. The reduction in shedding of virus protein corresponded well with delayed onset of acute diarrhea (P < 0.02). Closer examination of tissue cross-sections under electron microscopy revealed that the B. bifidum ingested strain adhered to the epithelium of the small intestine. In further experiments, adherent properties of the ingested strain were related to enhancement, although nonsignificant, in immunoglobulin secreting cell responses in Peyer's patch lymphocytes. These results suggest that priming the intestine with B. bifidum is effective against experimental MRV challenge. Closer examination of B. bifidum and related growth factors in suckling neonates on gut physiology and enhancement of local immune responses has potential dietary implications in formulas for newborns.
Endocr Regul 1993 Dec
PMID:Effectiveness of Bifidobacterium bifidum in experimentally induced MRV infection: dietary implications in formulas for newborns. 806

In individual children in developed countries it is possible to follow a sequence of infection of the gastrointestinal tract leading to chronic diarrhoea which, if it long persists, may in turn lead to undernutrition. Both in individuals and epidemiologically in developing countries it is, by contrast, often difficult to be certain whether infection precedes under-nutrition or vice versa. Chronic diarrhoea is heterogeneous and aetiology varies from community to community. Unlike acute diarrhoea, for which there is highly effective unitary therapy (oral rehydration therapy), diverse therapies are required for chronic diarrhoea based on specific diagnoses and so render community strategies difficult. The importance of adequate calorie intake is emphasized but when there is intolerance to food ingested this is counter-productive. The relative importance of post-infective food intolerance remains controversial and in many communities is unknown. Increasing emphasis is now given to the role of infection in pathogenesis of diarrhoea and malnutrition, e.g. the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and Helicobacter pylori. Hospital-based case studies including small intestinal biopsy in individual communities, by virtue of an 'iceberg effect', may prove useful for insights into aetiology and pave the way for interventions, e.g. antibiotics or dietary therapy.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993 Dec
PMID:Diarrhoeal disease: current concepts and future challenges. Malnutrition and infection. 810 42

Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to children admitted because of acute gastroenteritis has been retrospectively evaluated by auditing the hospital records in two periods respectively before (A: 103 patients) and after (B: 133 patients) the use of oral rehydration solution. Incomplete history taking was found out without differences between the two periods; in many cases the weight loss, one of the main criteria for hospitalization in acute diarrhoea, was not recorded at admission. In period B therapeutic behaviour was adequate to literature guidelines as regards both antibiotic prescription and use of oral rehydration solution. Nevertheless even if oral rehydration was carried out in more than 70% of patients, parenteral fluid administration was not significantly reduced in comparison with period A. Oral rehydration solution contributed to reduce the length of hospital stay in the more recent period. The study confirms the usefulness of medical audit to improve quality care.
Minerva Pediatr 1993 Dec
PMID:[Approach to acute gastroenteritis in children: comparison over the years]. 814 85

The effects of a maltodextrin (dextrose equivalent 12)-electrolyte solution and a maltodextrin-electrolyte solution with added nutrients on net water and electrolyte transport in the secreting rat intestine was compared with the citrate-World Health Organization oral rehydration solution to determine the need for a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of these maltodextrin solutions in acute diarrhoea treatment. Cholera toxin consistently produced net water secretion (-36.5 +/- 9.9 mean +/- SEM microliter/min/g dry weight of intestine). All three solutions reversed the cholera toxin-induced net intestinal water secretion to net absorption. Significantly greater net water absorption occurred from the maltodextrin-electrolyte solution compared to the World Health Organization solution (P < 0.05) but not when compared to the maltodextrin-electrolyte-nutrient solution. Net sodium, potassium and chloride fluxes due to the World Health Organization-solution were not significantly different from the maltodextrin-electrolyte solution. These data provide a rationale for initiating a clinical trial.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1993 Dec
PMID:Effect of a maltodextrin-electrolyte, a maltodextrin-nutrient-electrolyte and a standard electrolyte solution on water and electrolyte fluxes in the secreting rat intestine. 818 93

An open-label, inpatient study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) given randomly to children aged 1-10 years who had acute gastroenteritis with mild or moderate dehydration (n = 45). One solution contained 60 mmol/l sodium and 1.8% glucose, total osmolality 240 mosm/l (Gastrolyte, Rhone-poulenc, Rorer) and the other contained 26 mmol/l sodium, 2.7% glucose and 3.6% sucrose, total osmolality 340 mOsm/l (Glucolyte, Gilseal). Analysis of data indicated that Gastrolyte therapy resulted in significantly fewer episodes and volume of vomiting over all time periods in comparison to Glucolyte and significantly less stool volume during the first 8 h and in the 0-24 h period. The differences between treatments in degree of dehydration at each follow-up period, duration of diarrhoea, and duration of hospital stay were not significant. No adverse drug reactions occurred. Six patients received intravenous rehydration treatment and were considered treatment failures. We conclude that oral rehydration therapy is safe and efficacious in the management of dehydration in acute diarrhoea and that the lower osmolar rehydration solution has clinically marginal advantages.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1993 Dec
PMID:Osmolality electrolyte and carbohydrate type and oral rehydration solutions: a controlled study to compare the efficacy of two commercially available solutions (osmolalities 240 mmol/L and 340 mmol/L). 818 94

The response of enteric vasculature to endotoxin was examined at the ultrastructural level using a murine model of endotoxin-induced acute diarrhoea. Morphological changes indicative of endothelial damage were evident as early as 15 minutes following endotoxin challenge. These changes, characterized by widening of intercellular spaces, increased microvillous projections and the appearance of stress fibres, preceded the leucocytic response. Endothelial damage increased with time, being associated with progressive degenerative changes in the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles, ultimately leading to desquamation. These latter changes were temporally associated with margination of neutrophils and platelet adhesion to the denuded subendothelium. The venules were the primary site of these changes while the capillaries were the least affected. The arterioles were markedly constricted with minimal endothelial damage. These changes suggest that the enteric vascular endothelium may be an important target organ, and the resultant endothelial injury may have implications in host responses to endotoxin.
Int J Exp Pathol 1993 Dec
PMID:Enteric vascular endothelial response to bacterial endotoxin. 829 57

A randomized controlled study was carried out at the Children's Emergency Hospital, Khartoum to evaluate the acceptability, safety and efficacy of (rice or sorghum) cereal-based oral rehydration solutions (ORS) relative to that of the standard WHO ORS formulation in children with acute diarrhoea. Ninety-six children whose ages ranged from 6 to 40 months were enrolled in the study. Thirty-two of them were allocated to the rice-based ORS group, 34 to the sorghum-based ORS group and 30 to the control group. Cereal-based ORS solutions were found to shorten the duration of diarrhoea and to reduce both the stool volume and the frequency of diarrhoea and vomiting as well as the mean total ORS intake. These effects were more marked with the sorghum-based ORS than with the rice-based ORS. By the end of day 3, 50% of patients in the rice ORS group and 67.6% in the sorghum ORS group had recovered compared with 40% from the standard ORS group.
Ann Trop Paediatr 1995 Dec
PMID:Cereal-based oral rehydration solutions in Sudanese children with diarrhoea: a comparative clinical trial of rice-based and sorghum-based oral rehydration solutions. 868 9


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