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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Non-cholera vibrios are organisms that are biochemically indistinguishable from Vibrio cholerae but do not agglutinate in vibrio 0 group 1 antiserum. Since 1972 there has been a dramatic increase in the number of these organisms referred to the Center for Disease Control for identification. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory data were analyzed for 26 of 28 patients with isolates identified between January 1972 and March 1975. Thirteen (50%) of the isolates were obtained from feces of patients who had an acute diarrheal illness; no other pathogens were isolated from their feces, and all patients survived. Four (15%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other gastrointestinal or biliary tract sites; none of these patients had acute illness definitely attributable to non-cholera vibrios. Nine (35%) patients had non-cholera vibrios isolated from other tissues and body fluids; four deaths occurred in this group. Patients with acute diarrhea frequently had a history of recent shellfish ingestion or foreign travel, whereas some patients with systemic non-cholera vibrio infection had a history of recent occupational or recreational exposure to salt water.
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PMID:Non-cholera vibrio infections in the United States. Clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory features. 64 41

22 infants under age two years were admitted to the Ubol Provincial Hospital in Northeast Thailand with acute diarrhea. The house physician saw them and judged them to have moderate dehydration. 11 infants aged from 4-10 months were given nasogastric infusion; another 11 infants aged from 5-17 months received intravenous fluid. The absorption of nasogastric infusion fluid was remarkable as could be seen by the amount of stool loss, weight gain, reduction of serum specific gravity and urea nitrogen. Biochemical study showed high incidence of hypernatremia which could be explained by the limited fluid intake in these infants during diarrhea. Nasogastric infusion fluid which contained only table salt and cane sugar could provide effective volume. Electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis were gradually corrected at a similar rate to bicarbonate containing solution as reported by others. Balance study indicated taht nasogastric infusion retained less nitrogen and sodium during the course of treatment as compared to intravenous infusion. All the infants recovered from diarrheal disease once dehydration was corrected without complications.
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PMID:Oral hydration in infantile diarrhoea. 74 26

Aspergillus and Penicillium were among the most common genera of fungi isolated on malt-salt agar from weevil-damaged Chinese chestnut kernels (16.8 and 40.7% occurrence, respectively). Chloroform extracts of 21 of 50 Aspergillus isolates and 18 of 50 representative Penicillium isolates, grown for 4 weeks at 21.1 C on artificial medium, were toxic to day-old cockerels. Tweleve of the toxic Aspergillus isolates were identified as A. wentii, eight as A. flavus, and one as A. flavus var. columnaris. Nine of the toxic Penicillium isolates were identified as P. terrestre, three as P. steckii, two each as P. citrinum and P. funiculosum, and one each as P. herquei (Series) and P. roqueforti (Series). Acute diarrhea was associated with the toxicity of A. wentii and muscular tremors with the toxicity of P. terrestre, one isolate of P. steckii, and one of P. funiculosum.
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PMID:Toxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates from weevil-damaged chestnuts. 119 Jul 58

Escherichia coli adherent to HEp-2 and HeLa cells were isolated from the faeces of 43 (19.7%) of 218 hospitalised infants aged below 6 months with acute diarrhoea. No conventional virulence factors, including enterotoxin production--heat-labile (LT) or heat-stable (ST), the verotoxin (VT) or shiga-like toxin (SLT)--or the invasive phenotype (determined by the Sereny test) could be detected among these isolates. Out of the 43 isolates, 16 (37.2%) were of the known enteropathogenic O:K serogroups--enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The remaining 27 (62.8%) isolates showed different types of adherence to HEp-2 and HeLa cells which was diffuse (40.7%), localised (37.0%), or both (22.3%); they were identified as entero-adherent E. coli (EAEC). The EAEC isolates adhered to HEp-2 and HeLa cells in the presence of mannose, lactose, fucose, galactose, and fetuin, indicating that adhesion was not specific for these sugars or glycoprotein. Haemagglutination and the salt aggregation test (SAT) did not correlate with patterns of adherence. The results of this study indicate that LA-EAEC is an important aetiological agent of acute diarrhoea in infants aged below 6 months in Calcutta.
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PMID:Entero-adherent Escherichia coli is an important diarrhoeagenic agent in infants aged below 6 months in Calcutta, India. 137 93

In a case-control study we evaluated the role of maternal behaviour, as reflected in maintenance of breast feeding and the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) at home during acute diarrhoea, in preventing dehydration in infants and young children. A systematic 5% sample was taken of all children aged 1-35 months attending the treatment centre of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, with acute watery diarrhoea of six days or less between August 1988 and September 1989. There were 285 children with moderate or severe dehydration as cases and 728 with no dehydration as controls in the study. In a multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model we showed that withdrawal of breast feeding during diarrhoea was associated with a five times higher risk of dehydration compared with continuation of breast feeding during diarrhoea at home. Lack of ORT with either complete formula or a salt and sugar solution at home was associated with 57% higher risk of dehydration compared with receipt of a reasonable amount of ORT after controlling for several confounders. The confounding variables--that is, lack of maternal education, history of vomiting, high stool frequency, young age and infection with Vibrio cholerae 01--were also shown to be risk factors of dehydration. Health education programmes should promote continued breast feeding and adequate oral rehydration therapy for infants with acute diarrhoea at home.
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PMID:Breast feeding and oral rehydration at home during diarrhoea to prevent dehydration. 152 6

To determine how acute diarrhoea is managed at home, 75 structured interviews were conducted with mothers of children under two years of age who were admitted to hospitals or health centres in Denpasar district, Bali. Most mothers did not follow the guidelines for home case management established by the World Health Organization (WHO) Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases (CDD) Programme. Sixty eight percent of the mothers reported giving oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to their children with diarrhoea, and over half of these children were given home made salt-sugar-solutions (SSS). However, only 12% of the mothers were able to properly make the SSS. Over two thirds of the mothers reduced or stopped the intake of bottled milk and solid food during the episode. Forty-five percent of breast-feeding mothers increased the frequency of feeding. Over half of the mothers gave drugs to their children, 90% of which were obtained from the physicians or health post personnel. These results indicate that more effective ways to implement the proper home-case management of diarrhoea are needed.
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PMID:Home treatment of acute diarrhoea in Bali, Indonesia. 178 74

To determine how closely US pediatricians follow the 1985 American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition's recommendations on oral therapy for acute diarrhea, a questionnaire was administered to four groups: New England private practitioners, pediatricians from 27 states attending a postgraduate course, representatives of departments of pediatrics at US schools of medicine, and housestaff at Boston Children's and Massachusetts General hospitals. The responses from departments of pediatrics and housestaff were not significantly different from those of community practitioners in most categories. The reported rate of use of glucose-electrolyte solutions recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics was not different from the use of nonphysiologic, high-osmolar, low-salt solutions such as sodas and juices. The usage rate for glucose-electrolyte solutions meeting the American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended carbohydrate-to-sodium ratio of less than 2:1 was less than 30%. Other findings included the general lack of agreement on the use of a single type of therapy and the common use of oral therapy only for mild or no dehydration. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that feeding be reintroduced in the first 24 hours of a diarrheal episode, the majority of respondents withhold feeding until the second day or later. These findings indicate that educational programs on oral therapy during acute diarrhea are needed in the United States.
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PMID:Use and misuse of oral therapy for diarrhea: comparison of US practices with American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. 194 18

Before 1970, laboratory staff could not only identify the causative organism of acute diarrhea in 20% of cases, but in 1990, they could identify it in 80% of cases. These organisms are either bacteria, virus, or parasites. The bacteria include enterotoxigenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus) and enteroinvasive bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species). The leading cause of death in diarrhea patients is dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) can alleviate mild and moderate dehydration regardless of the etiology of the diarrhea or the age of the patient. WHO recommends an ORS containing glucose and various electrolytes which permit salt and water absorption in many cases of acute diarrhea. Due to the possibility of excess salt entering the bloodstream (hypernatremia), some pediatricians do not use the WHO recommended ORS in newborns and young infants. Instead they use 2 parts ORS followed by 1 part water. This treatment is not easy for illiterate mothers to follow, however. Continued breast feeding during diarrheal episodes along with administration of ORS protects not only against dehydration, but also hypernatremia. ORS should not be administered in severe case of dehydration, however. Medical personnel need to administer replacement fluid such as Ringer's Lactate solution intravenously regardless of the age group. Once the initial deficit has been controlled, ORS administration and reintroduction of foods can follow. Antibiotics should only be administered if the medical personnel suspect severe cholera in an endemic area (tetracycline and furazolidone); shigellosis, but 1st the bacteria must be tested to see if the strain is multiple drug resistant (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, furazolidone, nalidixic acid), and acute amebiasis or giardiasis (metronidazole and tinidazole). Antidiarrheals should not be used.
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PMID:Management of acute diarrhoea. 210 85

The efficacy in acute childhood diarrhea of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) based on staple foods (maize, millet, wheat, sorghum, rice or potato) was compared with that of standard ORT based on glucose. 266 children aged 1-5 years, with a history of acute diarrhea for 48 hours in a Nigerian population or less, moderate to severe dehydration, and no complications, were assigned to treatment with one of the food-based oral rehydration salt solutions (ORS) or standard ORS. The mean stool output over the first 24 hours of treatment in the group receiving standard ORS was significantly higher than that of any other treatment group, and the groups receiving food-based ORT showed substantial reductions in stool output compared with the standard ORT group. Abnormalities in electrolyte concentrations were corrected in all treatment groups with similar efficiency. The digestibility of the food-based ORS was assessed by the stool pH, glucose content before and after acid hydrolysis, and osmolality; there were no significant differences between the standard ORS and food-based ORS groups. Food-based ORT should be more acceptable to users in developing countries since the mixtures are similar to traditional weaning foods since, unlike standard ORT, it reduces stool output substantially.
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PMID:Food-based oral rehydration salt solution for acute childhood diarrhoea. 257 96

Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is effective in preventing dehydration during acute gastro-enteritis, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality. There is, however, reluctance among mothers and child-minders to use ORT when faced with the crisis of acute diarrhoea. This study describes the effects of a health education campaign, using the Morley (sugar and salt) spoon, on knowledge and practice of ORT in one community in Gazankulu, and compares care group (CG) with non-care group (non-CG) members. Two years after its introduction, the Morley spoon was still the most commonly used method of preparing oral rehydration solution (ORS). Ninety-seven per cent of CG members could produce the spoon when asked to, as opposed to 55% of non-CG members (P less than 0.001). Eighty-two per cent of respondents had actually used ORT in the past. Fifty-three per cent mixed the ORS incorrectly. Sixty-one per cent believed that ORT would stop diarrhoea and 29% that it was used for rehydration. Only 26% would give ORS after every loose stool, but 54% would give ORT until the diarrhoea has stopped. Fifty-nine per cent of women would feed their children soft porridge, 20% would continue breast-feeding, and 2% would starve the child while it had diarrhoea. Women who had retained the Morley spoon showed a greater knowledge of ORT (P less than 0.005) and had used ORT more often in the past (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Knowledge and practice of oral rehydration therapy in a village in Gazankulu after the introduction of the Morley spoon. 281 33


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