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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report a case of acute suppurative cholangitis, from which were isolated Enterobacter aerogenes and Vibrio fluvialis. There have been no previous reports of the isolation of V. fluvialis in this disease. It is usually found in seawater and various seafoods and may cause acute diarrhea, but this is the first report in which it has been associated with acute suppurative cholangitis.
Am J Gastroenterol 1987 Sep
PMID:Isolation of Vibrio fluvialis, and unusual pathogen in acute suppurative cholangitis. 363 Oct 41

To study the etiology of chronic childhood diarrhea among Nigerian children, 142 patients, aged 6 months to 5 years, with diarrhea for at least 1 month, were evaluated; the study took place during January-December 1983 at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Enteropathogenic agents were identified in stools of 90 (63%) patients. Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica were most commonly detected, representing 41% and 23%, respectively, of all parasitic pathogens. In children with negative stool microscopy, chronic diarrhea was associated with primary lactose intolerance (2 cases), abdominal tuberculosis (2 cases), hyponatremia, low serum albumin, anemia due to sickle cell disease, or Staphylococcus aureus infection. In contrast with chronic diarrhea etiologies reported among children in Europe and North America, infections were the major cause of chronic childhood diarrhea among these children. In general, it is accepted that intestinal infection usually produces acute diarrhea--and that, if the host fails to mount a competent immune response, if there is repeated exposure to infectious agents, or if severe infection damages a substantial proportion of absorptive cells, then severe, protracted diarrhea may result. The high case fatality rate of 9% in this series was associated with specific infectious complications of septicemia, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia and measles. Severe malnutrition also worsened the prognosis in chronic diarrhea. The results indicate that early detection and treatment of amebiasis and giardiasis is a useful approach in the treatment of chronic diarrhea cases among children.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1985 Sep
PMID:Chronic diarrhoea in Nigerian children. 383 11

An oral rehydration solution (ORS) containing 60 mmol/l of Na+ (ORS60) was compared in a randomized trial with the ORS of WHO formula (Na+ 90 mmol/l = ORS90) for the treatment of diarrhoeal dehydration in 66 hospitalized infants aged 3 to 34 months. The infants had a 5 +/- 3% dehydration, and received within 6-10 hours 76 +/- 32 ml/kg of ORS60 or 74 +/- 41 ml/kg of ORS90 corresponding to a sodium input of 4.6 +/- 1.9 mmol/kg and 6.6 +/- 3.7 mmol/kg, respectively. Both treatments were found adequate and equally effective for the correction of dehydration and sodium deficit. The same ORS60 was also compared to a commercial low sodium glucose-electrolyte solution (sodium 35 mmol/l, glucose 3.5 milligrams) for ambulatory treatment of acute diarrhoea in infants. Satisfactory rehydration was achieved within 6 hours in 19 of 23 infants receiving ORS60 as opposed to 6 of 18 infants receiving the commercial solution (p less than 0.001); the poor result with the latter was in most cases attributed to a refusal by the infant to consume the sweetish solution. It is concluded that ORS60 is suitable for the treatment of isotonic diarrhoeal dehydration in hospitalized children as well as outpatients.
Acta Paediatr Scand 1985 Sep
PMID:Evaluation of an oral rehydration solution with Na+ 60 mmol/l in infants hospitalized for acute diarrhoea or treated as outpatients. 390 60

Infants aged 4 to 36 months with acute diarrhoea (rotavirus 66%) were treated as outpatients with oral fluids and a rapid return to full feedings. In addition, the infants were randomized to receive for 3 days either cholestyramine 2 g twice daily (N = 10), an equivalent placebo 2 g twice daily (N = 15), or loperamide 0.10 mg/kg divided in three doses (N = 16). The duration of watery diarrhoea from the beginning of treatment was 0.9 +/- 1.0 days in the cholestyramine group, 2.5 +/- 1.3 days in the loperamide group, and 3.3 +/- 1.6 days in the placebo group (p less than 0.001 cholestyramine vs. placebo, p less than 0.005 cholestyramine vs. loperamide). The infants receiving cholestyramine also had a better weight gain than those receiving the placebo, and their metabolic acidosis was corrected sooner. There was no hyperchloraemia associated with the cholestyramine treatment. It is concluded that cholestyramine 2 g twice daily for 3 days can be safely used to shorten the course of acute diarrhoea. The use of loperamide in acute infantile diarrhoea does not appear justified.
Acta Paediatr Scand 1985 Sep
PMID:A comparative trial of cholestyramine and loperamide for acute diarrhoea in infants treated as outpatients. 390 61

The incidence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, and skin infections was prospectively determined after the introduction of a system which distributed unlimited quantities of high quality fresh water to each of the 150 housing units on Tupile, an island devoid of fresh water located off Panama's Caribbean coast and inhabited by 1,500 Cuna Indians. Tupile residents used 7.1 liters of water/person/day compared to the 2.3 usage rate of inhabitants on Achutupo, the control island. Despite ready availability of water in each household, Tupile residents continued to store water in contaminated vessels prior to use. Forty percent of stored water samples tested on Tupile and 45% on Achutupo were contaminated with E. coli organisms. There were 4.7 episodes/child year (E/Y) of acute diarrhea on Tupile compared with the 3.5 rate on Achutupo. The rotavirus infection rate on Tupile was 0.8 E/Y compared with 0.2 E/Y on Achutupo. Infection rates for Norwalk virus, respiratory syncytial virus and Coxsackie B 1-6 viruses were similar on both islands. Respiratory disease rates were high on both islands (2.2 E/Y on Tupile, 2.7 E/Y on Achutupo). Achutupo had much higher rates of impetigo and scabies (0.6 E/Y and 2.5 E/Y, respectively) than Tupile (0.2 E/Y and 1.4 E/Y). Provision of the water distribution system had a beneficial effect on the incidence of water-washed diseases (impetigo and scabies), but at best had no effect on diarrheal disease.
Am J Trop Med Hyg 1985 Sep
PMID:The childhood health effects of an improved water supply system on a remote Panamanian island. 403 83

Between June 1982 and May 1983, rotavirus was found in 29% of 248 pediatric patients between 1 month to 5 years of age at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Among 413 household contacts, RV was detected in 9 (2%) of whom 6 developed diarrhoea. RV was not found in age-matched healthy controls. In a serological study, the serological response was 81% in rotavirus diarrhoea cases (17 out of 21) by ELISA. By the ELISA blocking test, the seroconversion rate was only 29.6% in rotavirus diarrhoea cases (8 out of 27) and in others, 2 out of 71 cases (2.6%) who also showed serological response did not have rotavirus in their stools. This study indicates role of rotavirus in causing acute diarrhoea in young children, suggests a guideline for diagnosis and management of the patients. The rotavirus immunization should be considered if the vaccine becomes available in the near future.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1984 Sep
PMID:Rotavirus in pediatric diarrhoea at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. 609 22

To examine the sensitivity and reliability of a latex agglutination test for detecting rotavirus in faecal samples, we have tested 145 stool specimens from pediatric patients with or without diarrhea, comparing such latex test to immunofluorescent antibody technique (IF) and ELISA. Among all samples positive by IF and ELISA, 52.9% were positive by latex test. This percentage was raised to 85.7% when only positive samples from patients with diarrhea were considered. We conclude that the latex test is an useful diagnostic tool in acute diarrhea because of its simplicity and of its sufficient sensitivity.
Quad Sclavo Diagn 1984 Sep
PMID:[Comparison of diagnostic methods in rotavirus infection: immunofluorescence, ELISA and the latex agglutination test]. 609 80

Four methods for detecting rotaviruses (latex agglutination, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and ELISA) have been compared on 57 faecal samples from children with acute diarrhoea. Complete agreement among the four techniques was found in 38 samples. One sample was positive by ELISA and latex agglutination but negative by the other two. For all the other samples there was agreement among three of the techniques only. In a blocking ELISA test, samples positive by ELISA only, turned out to be falsely positive. Assuming true positive or negative for those samples for which at least three techniques were in agreement, electron microscopy, ELISA and latex agglutination were more sensitive (96 per cent) than immunofluorescence (84 per cent). Electron microscopy was the most specific (96.4 per cent), followed by immunofluorescence (92.9 per cent), ELISA (89.4 per cent) and latex agglutination (85.9 per cent).
J Infect 1983 Sep
PMID:Evaluation of a new latex agglutination test for detecting human rotavirus in faeces. 631 27

The efficacy of cholestyramine in acute infantile diarrhea was evaluated in 2 placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind trials at the Tampere University Central Hospital. In the 1st, cholestyramine, 2 g. 4 times daily, or an equivalent amount of placebo were given, in addition to fluid replacement therapy to 52 infants hospitalized for acute non bacterial diarrhea. The mean duration of watery diarrhea was 2.6 +or- 1.4 days in the placeob group, which was considerably the mean of 0.8 +or- 0.7 days in the cholestryramine group (p 0.001). Cholestyramine treated infants also shwed a better tendency to gain weight. In the 2nd trial, 40 infants with acute diarrhea of less the 24 hours duration were treated as out-patients with cholestyramine (n=15) 2 g. twice daily for 3 days, or with a placebo (n=25), in addition to oral fluids and rapid return to full feedings. The watery diarrhea mean duration in infants receiving cholestyramine was 0.9 +or- 1.1 days, which was significantly the 2.9 +or- 1.5 days in the placebo group (p 0.001). Weight gain was similar in both groups. Cholestyramine therapy was not associated with acidosis or hyperchloremia. It was concluded that 2 g. cholestyramine twice daily is effective in infants in shortening the course of watery diarrhea of rotavirus of nonspecific origin.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1984 Sep
PMID:Efficacy of cholestyramine in acute infantile diarrhoea: placebo-controlled double-blind trial in hospitalized children and in outpatients. 639 3

Forty-five marasmic infants were studied for plasma zinc and copper levels. They were selected from those children admitted to a nutritional recovery center. The mean plasma zinc level was 92.4 +/- 24 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SD); 7% of the infants had low zinc values as defined by zinc less than 70 micrograms/dl. Median copper was 90 micrograms/dl (range 27-172) and 49% of the children had copper levels below 90 micrograms/dl (established as our normal limit). Birth weight, breast feeding and prior hospitalization for acute diarrhea with dehydration were studied as antecedents related to low Cu and Zn. Children with prior diagnosis of acute diarrhea and hospitalization had lower copper levels than those sent from primary care centers. Breast feeding was associated with higher Cu levels. No relationship was found between zinc levels and those antecedents, but differences were found in regard to the degree of malnutrition, season of the year and Zn status. In this investigation no Zn deficiency was found in marasmus cases. Hypocupremia, however, is a very significant problem in marasmic infants, especially when associated with early weaning and the presence of previous hospitalization for acute diarrhea.
Arch Latinoam Nutr 1984 Sep
PMID:[Plasma zinc and copper in infants with protein-calorie malnutrition]. 644 37


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