Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Among 557 strains of Esch. coli isolated from patients with acute diarrhoea, 392 (70.4%) isolates demonstrated ST production by ELISA. Predominant ST producing serogroups were 020 (45), 078 (40), 0128 (21), 061 (19), 0149 (9), 04, 055, 0106 and 0114 (8 each). The inhibition ELISA range was between 10.5 and 40.5 per cent. Visual difference between a negative and a positive ELISA test was distinct. A comparison of ELISA with classical suckling mouse assay for 100 strains showed 88 and 80 positive strains respectively for ST. ELISA proved a more specific, rapid and sensitive assay which may be useful for screening large number of isolates in epidemiological studies.
Indian J Med Res 1991 Sep
PMID:ELISA for detection of heat stable enterotoxin producing Escherichia coli strains. 177 14

The nutritional benefit of milk consumption during diarrhoea must be balanced against its potential to produce increased severity or duration of illness. Continued breastfeeding during diarrhoea results in decreased stool output and is generally recommended. However, continued feeding of non-human milk may cause increased faecal excretion, prolonged diarrhoeal duration, and a greater number of treatment failures among young patients with relatively severe diarrhoea. Although most children can safely continue receiving milk during acute diarrhoea, the possibility of serious complications dictates that they be carefully observed. Acceptable alternatives to exclusive non-human milk feeding during diarrhoea include milk-free formulas, milk-cereal mixtures, and possibly fermented milks. This paper reviews the results of published clinical trials of milk feeding and discusses their implications for the appropriate dietary management of childhood diarrhoea.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991 Sep
PMID:Appropriate use of human and non-human milk for the dietary management of children with diarrhoea. 178 71

To determine how acute diarrhoea is managed at home, 75 structured interviews were conducted with mothers of children under two years of age who were admitted to hospitals or health centres in Denpasar district, Bali. Most mothers did not follow the guidelines for home case management established by the World Health Organization (WHO) Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases (CDD) Programme. Sixty eight percent of the mothers reported giving oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to their children with diarrhoea, and over half of these children were given home made salt-sugar-solutions (SSS). However, only 12% of the mothers were able to properly make the SSS. Over two thirds of the mothers reduced or stopped the intake of bottled milk and solid food during the episode. Forty-five percent of breast-feeding mothers increased the frequency of feeding. Over half of the mothers gave drugs to their children, 90% of which were obtained from the physicians or health post personnel. These results indicate that more effective ways to implement the proper home-case management of diarrhoea are needed.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991 Sep
PMID:Home treatment of acute diarrhoea in Bali, Indonesia. 178 74

A 12-month diarrhoeal disease surveillance was carried out in a sample of 351 children under 3 years of age in a low-income traditional area of Ilorin, Nigeria to determine whether sociodemographic characteristics, including age of the child, sex, parity, mother's education, occupation, mother's age and household kitchen, were associated with the incidence of acute diarrhoea. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine association. Results indicated that only the age of the child and the type of kitchen used by the household had a significant association with diarrhoea. Diarrhoeal incidence decreases with the child's age while households with a private kitchen had a significantly lower incidence rate than those without a kitchen. This finding emphasises the importance of good hygiene in reducing the risk of having diarrhoea. Three common treatments applied by mothers are ORS (used in 14.8% of diarrhoea days), antibiotics (54.5%) and local herbs (27.7%). The younger a child is the more likely that ORS and antibiotics will be administered during diarrhoea. About 53% of the antibiotic use was by self medication while 40% were prescribed by the clinics. The need for educational campaigns to discourage the inappropriate use of antibiotics was emphasised.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991 Sep
PMID:Diarrhoeal disease morbidity, risk factors and treatments in a low socioeconomic area of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. 178 81

Recently, the role of feeding as treatment of acute diarrhoea has received increasing attention. To assess the efficacy of early feeding in acute diarrhoea, we conducted a randomised, clinical trial of a traditional legume-based weaning diet khitchri in boys 9 to 48 months old with moderate to severe dehydration. Khitchri is composed of rice and lentils cooked with cottonseed oil. Children were randomly allocated to 2 groups: group A received only WHO ORS but no food for the first 24 hours and then khitchri and half-strength cow's milk formula freely; group B received khitchri and the half-strength formula in addition to ORS after the initial rehydration period of 4 to 6 hours. The mean period of evaluation was 3 days. 69 patients were admitted into the study, 33 in group A and 36 in group B. The initial mean purging rate for the children was greater than 200 g/kg/day. Six children did not complete the study because they developed intercurrent infections or were removed by their parents for non-medical reasons. Of the 63 patients who were evaluated, 44 (70%) were successfully treated, 21 in group A and 23 in group B. There were no significant differences in the 2 groups in mean stool output, number of stools, or weight gain, although a trend toward earlier improvement was seen in group B. These data indicate that early feeding of khitchri and WHO/ORS may be as well tolerated as WHO/ORS alone in the first 24 hours treatment of severe acute diarrhoea in young children.
J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991 Sep
PMID:A traditional diet as part of oral rehydration therapy in severe acute diarrhoea in young children. 178 82

233 cases with acute diarrhoea investigated, Clostridium difficile was isolated as a sole pathogen from 17 (7.3%) cases. The Major clinical features of these cases were watery diarrhoea (82.4%), bloody stool (17.6%), vomiting (64.8%), fever (17.6%) and abdominal pain (2.5%). Fourteen (82.4%) of 17 C difficile isolates were found to produce cytotoxin as detected by Verocell assay.
J Assoc Physicians India 1991 Sep
PMID:Clinical manifestation of Clostridium difficile enteritis in Calcutta. 181 1

We studied absorption of the potentially allergenic protein beta-lactoglobulin during acute rotavirus diarrhea in infants and assessed the relationship of this macromolecular absorption with intestinal sugar permeability. After oral rehydration, 38 patients with acute gastroenteritis were given orally a 100-ml solution containing 4 g (11.7 mmol/L) of lactulose and 0.8 g (4.4 mmol/L) of mannitol, and their recovery rate as shown in urine passed during the subsequent 5 h was measured. A blood sample was taken 2 h after a milk feed for ELISA measurement of beta-lactoglobulin in circulating immune complexes. Twelve nondiarrhea patients were studied after an overnight fast as controls. Immune complexes containing beta-lactoglobulin were found in the serum of all, but the levels [median (range)] were significantly higher in patients with rotavirus diarrhea [686 (36-4352)] than in nondiarrhea patients [165 (0-2594)]; p = 0.007. The mean (95% confidence interval) lactulose/mannitol urinary recovery ratios were increased in patients with acute diarrhea [0.19 (0.10, 0.30)] compared to nondiarrhea patients [0.01 (0.005, 0.02)]; p = 0.0001. Thus, a significant correlation between beta-lactoglobulin absorption and sugar permeability was found; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.42, p = 0.004. This correlation was not, however, direct but was due to an inverse relationship between urinary recovery of mannitol and serum beta-lactoglobulin immune complexes. These results indicate that rotavirus gastroenteritis is associated with enhanced beta-lactoglobulin absorption and elevated lactulose/mannitol permeability test results, but these represent different phenomena.
Pediatr Res 1991 Sep
PMID:Increased beta-lactoglobulin absorption during rotavirus enteritis in infants: relationship to sugar permeability. 194 70

Researchers compared data on acute diarrhea incidence with data on rainfall and temperature of 10 provinces and 15 districts of Khon Kaen province in northeast Thailand to determine the link between seasonal weather patterns and reported incidence of acute diarrhea. The relative incidence of diarrhea decreased with age in the winter while it increased with age in the hot season and early in the rainy season. Indeed reported incidence of diarrhea peaked in January for children 2 years old. The researchers suggested that rotavirus was the leading causative agent in this age group since it is common in cooler months and in children 2 years old. Another peak occurred in April-June when temperatures are high and early in the rainy season. This peak involved mainly adults. The researchers believed enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Shigella were the leading causative agents. The researchers posed a possible explanation for this April-June peak. In the beginning of the wet season, households changed their water source from groundwater to rainwater and began to use it differently. Further, they often stored water separately from rainjars. It was more likely that this water was more contaminated than stored rainwater or groundwater. In addition, fecal bacteria transmitted by food preparation and utensil handling and the rising humidity fostered its growth. These events may have accounted for the increased incidence of diarrhea in the early rainy season. A steep reduction in diarrhea incidence occurred around the middle of the wet season (July and August). Research has shown that increased water quantity may be better in reducing diarrhea incidence than only improving water quality. Furthermore, it also demonstrated that bacteriological quality of water stored in rainjars was better than water from shallow wells.
Int J Epidemiol 1991 Sep
PMID:Seasonal effects on the reported incidence of acute diarrhoeal disease in northeast Thailand. 195 64

The appropriate choice of treatment for infants with diarrhea has long provoked debate. Growth of infants with diarrhea is adversely affected by associated diseases including anorexia, malabsorption, catabolic response to infection, and iatrogenic starvation. To prevent the negative effects of diarrhea on the nutrition of infants, continued feeding during the active and early convalescent phases has been recommended. Although this concept is not new, until recently it has been little used in the treatment of diarrhea. In this article we examine the current knowledge about, and trends in, feeding infants with diarrhea. We will discuss treatments for the well-nourished infant with acute diarrhea, the infant with prolonged diarrhea, and the malnourished infant. Information regarding the use of local staples will also be provided.
Nutr Rev 1990 Sep
PMID:Nutritional therapy for infants with diarrhea. 209 32

15N-yeast protein absorption, nitrogen and fat retention and stool reducing substances and lactate were measured in 6 infants who had acute diarrhoea and 15 who had had severe diarrhoea for 4 d. The results were compared with those of previously reported infants, who had had diarrhoea for 8 d. The infants were fed a full cream cows' milk, soy based or low lactose formula. In all cases the losses of nitrogen and energy in stool rose as stool weight increased. In severe diarrhoea, the losses of nutrients in stool were so great that oral feeds did not provide adequate nitrogen and energy. The smallest loss of nitrogen and fat were found in infants who had had diarrhoea for 4 d and who were fed a soy based formula.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Sep
PMID:Absorption and retention in acute diarrhoea. 226 95


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