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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

22 infants under age two years were admitted to the Ubol Provincial Hospital in Northeast Thailand with acute diarrhea. The house physician saw them and judged them to have moderate dehydration. 11 infants aged from 4-10 months were given nasogastric infusion; another 11 infants aged from 5-17 months received intravenous fluid. The absorption of nasogastric infusion fluid was remarkable as could be seen by the amount of stool loss, weight gain, reduction of serum specific gravity and urea nitrogen. Biochemical study showed high incidence of hypernatremia which could be explained by the limited fluid intake in these infants during diarrhea. Nasogastric infusion fluid which contained only table salt and cane sugar could provide effective volume. Electrolyte imbalance and metabolic acidosis were gradually corrected at a similar rate to bicarbonate containing solution as reported by others. Balance study indicated taht nasogastric infusion retained less nitrogen and sodium during the course of treatment as compared to intravenous infusion. All the infants recovered from diarrheal disease once dehydration was corrected without complications.
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PMID:Oral hydration in infantile diarrhoea. 74 26

Previous evaluation of diagnostic tests for acute renal failure in children demonstrated that osmolality urine/plasms (U/P) ratio below 1.3, urea ratio below 4.8 and a negative mannitol test (absence of a diurteic response within one hour after intravenous administration of 60 ml/m2 of 12.5% mannitol solution) may be considered as valuable factors in this diagnosis. However, the validity of those ratios were in doubt in selected populations such as newborns and in severe malnourished children in whom an impairment in concentrating urine capacity can be anticipated. With the purpose to test the validity of these parameters, a group of 53 newborns and 68 children with severe malnutrition were studied. They were admitted to the hospital with dehydration secondary to acute diarrhea presenting oliguria and hyperpnea and before any treatment was given, urine and blood samples were taken to determine urea and osmolality U/P ratios besides routine chemistries. Mannitol test was performed when urine could not be obtained and in some cases in whom U/P results deserved confirmation with the biological test. Seven of the 53 newborn patients developed acute renal failure with negative mannitol test and further clinical course of persistent oliguria. Urea and osmolality U/P ratios were 3.0 +/- 1.5 and 1.07 +/- 0.01 respectively, whereas the remaining 46 newborns had afterwards an uneventful recovery presenting U/P ratios of 12.4 +/- 8.5 for urea and 1.32 +/- 0.57 for osmolality. The difference between the average values of urea U/P ratio of the patients with acute renal failure and those with functional oliguria, were statistically significant at the level of p less than 0.01, but there was no significant difference between osmolality ratio values.
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PMID:[Evaluation of the urinary and plasma urea ratio and osmolarity in newborn infants and malnourished children with pathological and normal renal function]. 127 67

A total of 120 (80 males and 39 females) newborn Holstein-Frisian calves suffering from acute diarrhoea were studied clinically and biochemically, including the following parameters: pH, pCO2, act. HCO3, BE, RBC, PCV, HV, glucose lactate, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, total protein, AST, Na, K and Cl. The results were interpreted according to their healthy condition, their age as well as their sex. The study had revealed an extreme metabolic acidosis, haemoconcentration, hypoglycaemia and hypofunction in the kidney and liver. Furthermore, the calves with diarrhoea had showed hyponatraemia, hypochloraemia, and hyperkalaemia. Important correlations between clinical and some blood parameters were found. Metabolic acidosis was more severe in male calves than females. These pathophysiological changes should be put in consideration during the therapy of newborn calves suffering from diarrhoea.
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PMID:[Clinical and hematological studies in newborn Holstein-Frisian breeding calves with diarrhea in Morocco]. 160 93

The effect of experimental metabolic acidosis and its correction for nitrogen and energy metabolism was studied in new-born calves. It was discovered that a change in the acid-base balance towards acidosis causes a sharp increase in "ammoniogenesis", urea formation and inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which is also observed in calves suffering from dyspepsia with symptoms of acute diarrhea. Alongside with the use of therapeutic measures for treating dyspepsia of new-born calves, it is necessary to control the acid-base balance of blood in the calves and in case of revealing the acidosis state to use means of its correction.
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PMID:[Changes in the levels of various substrates of nitrogen metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle during experimental acidosis in calves]. 303 45

A study of 125 children aged 0-6 months who were seen at Kenyatta National Hospital for acute diarrhea was conducted between 1982-1983 to determine the benefits of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in treatment of diarrheal illness. At admission, specimens of stool, blood and urine were collected and examine for bacterial, parasitic, and viral agents (including malaria), serum electrolytes, urea, white cell counts and hematocrit. Children were started on oral rehydration solution (ORS) unless severly dehydrated, in which case intravenous therapy was initiated. 84% of the children were successfully treated with ORS alone regardless of etiological agent found; 15% required IV therapy initially, then were placed on ORS. Average hospital stay was 56.2 hours. Cost of treatment by ORT is less than 20% the cost of IV therapy. When investigators surveyed other health institutions, they found that ORT was used alone in less than 10% of all children seen with diarrhea. A side benefit of ORT is the utilization of mothers in preparation and administration of solution, reducing the demand on hospital staff. Since 20% of all pediatric admissions at Kenyatta are due to acute diarrheal disease, use of ORT would reduce costs tremendously. Initiation of ORT at home may prevent development of dehydration altogether.
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PMID:Management of acute childhood diarrhoea with oral rehydration therapy at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. 400 16

In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, gastroenteritis is a leading cause of admission to Children's Hospital. A prospective study of 254 children between the ages of 0-5 admitted over a 4-month period for acute diarrhea was undertaken. Information was obtained from parents about each child's history and the children were medically examined and weighed before and after treatment. Blood urea and electrolytes were estimated and stools examined for parasites and bacteria. Almost 85% of the babies were under 1 year old, 46.5% were less than 5 months. 35.6% had normal weights for age; 25.6%, 1st degree malnutrition; 26.4%, 2nd degree and 12.4%, 3rd degree malnutrition. The severely malnourished were all marasmic, except for 6 who had kwashiorkor, alone or with marasmus. 65.4% were bottle fed but only 20% of the mothers used boiling or chemical means of sterilizing the bottles. Isonatremic dehydration accounted for 73% of the dehydrated infants or children, hyponatremia for 14% and hypernatremia for 13%. 11.8% were graded severely dehydrated on admission. Mothers of children with hypotonic dehydration tended to dilute the feeds, while mothers of hypertonic dehydrated children tended to concentrate them. The overall isolation rate for bacteria and parasites was 33.8%, including salmonella, entero-pathogenic E. coli, Giardia lambia and shigella species. 23 children died; mortality was highest in the younger age group, among babies who were bottle fed, among the more severely dehydrated and among those with hypertonic and hypotonic dehydration. The study results are comparable with incidence reported in proximal areas. The high incidence of bottlefeeding and the consequences to infant health as a major cause of morbidity is of concern. The mild cases of dehydration could be treated on an outpatient basis if adequate facilities are accessible to the population.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis among children in Riyadh: a prospective analysis of 254 hospital admissions. 618 53

Stool specimen from 994 patients with Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases were processed for bacterial agents known to be responsible for acute diarrhoea. These were from patients seen at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital over a 9 month period. The pattern that emerged showed Shigella isolates made up by 36 flexneri; 29 boydii, 21 dysenteriae and 4 sonnei; Salmonella isolates were typhi 3, typhimurium 12, enteritidis 3, Oranienburg 9, others 8; Yersinia enterocolitica 14; Campylobacter species 20; Enterotoxinogenic E. coli 12, Vibrio cholerae 5; Enteropathogenic E. coli 35; Enterotoxinogenic E. coli 12; Enteroinvasive E. coli 5. Shigella was by far the most common with 43.6% of the isolates EPEC with 17% Salmonella 12% Campylobacter species 9.7%. Yersinia enterocolitica 6.7% ETEC 6%, Vibrio cholera 2.5% and EIEC 2.5%. The isolates are discussed in relation to age groups and seasons of the year. Oral glucose-electrolyte therapy was evaluated in 48 infants with acute diarrhoea. Pcv, electrolyte, Blood Urea, gain in body weight and fluid intake were monitored. Acceptability and effectiveness of the ORT in our Community were confirmed. There was no excess gain in body weights or puffiness of face and eyelids in the study subjects.
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PMID:Local pattern of acute enteric bacterial infections in man--Lagos, Nigeria. 634 63

Osmolality is an indication of the osmotic pressure of plasma and depends on the amount of solute and solvent (water) present. The mean (+sd) plasma osmolality of 100 clinically normal animals was 282 (+6) mOsm/kg using lithium heparin as anticoagulant. The equation, osmolality=1.86 (sodium + potassium) +glucose +blood urea nitrogen + 9, was found to predict only crudely plasma osmolality. The plasma sodium: osmolality ratio was 0.49. Water and electrolyte disorders are classified into 3 types based on the measurement of electrolytes and osmolality: (1) Hypertonic dehydration (true dehydration desiccation), osmolality greater than 300 mOsm/kg, associated with water deprivation, some gastrointestinal emergencies and some types of diarrhoea; (2) hypotonic dehydration (acute desalting water loss), osmolalities less than 260 mOsm/kg, associated with acute diarrhoea, particularly salmonellosis; (3) isotonic dehydration (normal electrolyte and osmolality levels), in horses losing electrolytes and water in almost equal proportions. The importance of these observations and their significance in rational clinical management are discussed.
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PMID:The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of "dehydration" in the horse. 708 92

Correlations between the degree of acidosis and clinical signs (changes in posture, behaviour, intensity of suckling reflex) in neonatal diarrhoeic calves have been described in various studies. However, base excess values varied widely in calves exhibiting similar clinical symptoms. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether the clinical picture of acidotic calves with neonatal diarrhoea is influenced more by D-lactate concentration than by degree of acidosis. Eighty calves up to three weeks old that were admitted to the II Medical Animal Clinic with acute diarrhoea and base excess values between -10 and -25 mmol/L were included in the prospective study. Posture, behaviour, suckling and palpebral reflexes, and position of the eyeballs were scored during the initial examination. Base excess and serum D-lactate and urea concentrations were determined in venous blood. In order to quantify the influences of base excess and d-lactate on the clinical parameters, groups of different clinical categories were compared. The results show that variations in behaviour, and in posture can be better explained by elevations of serum D-lactate concentrations than by decreases in base excess. Disturbances of the palpebral reflex appear to be almost completely caused by high levels of D-lactate.
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PMID:Investigations on the influence of serum D-lactate levels on clinical signs in calves with metabolic acidosis. 1550 Nov 51

The present study was undertaken to estimate the serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte status of patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis. Sixty patients who presented to Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching hospital from 15 June to 15 July 2005 with acute diarrhea with or without associated vomiting, causing dehydration severe enough to require hospital admission were investigated for serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte level. Out of 60 patients investigated, serum sodium and potassium level were available for 34 patients. Only one (2.9%) patients had sodium level below 135mEq/l, thirty two (94.11%) had sodium level between 135-146 mEq/l and one (2.9%) had sodium level above 146mEq/l. Similarly 9 (26.47%) patients had potassium level below 3.5mEq/l, 22 (64.70%) patients had potassium level between 3.5-5 mEq/l and 3 (8.82%) patients had level above 5 mEq/l. Serum urea and creatinine level were available for 47 patients. 36 (76.59%) patients had serum urea level between 15-45mg/dl and 11 (23.40%) patients had urea level above 45 mg/dl. 35 (74.46%) patients had serum creatinine level between 0.5-1.4 mg/dl and 12 (25.53%) had serum creatinine level above 1.4 mg/dl. In this study hypokalaemia was noticed more than hyponatremia and significant number of patients also showed increased level of serum urea and creatinine. Therefore, serum urea, creatinine and electrolytes should be closely monitored in patients with acute gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Serum urea, creatinine and electrolyte status in patients presenting with acute gastroenteritis. 1733 17


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