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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infants aged 3-21 months with acute diarrhea of bacterial and viral origin were treated as inpatients with oral rehydration fluid and randomly received for up to 6 days either a tannin-rich carob pod powder (40% tannins or 21.2% polyphenols and 26.4% dietary fiber), 1.5 g/kg/day (n = 21) to a maximum of 15 g, or an equivalent placebo (n = 20). The duration of the diarrhea from admission was 2.0 +/- 0.27 days in the test group and 3.75 +/- 0.30 days in the placebo group (p less than 0.001). Normalized defecation, body temperature, and weight and cessation of vomiting were reached more quickly by the patients who received the test substance. The test substance was well accepted and tolerated.
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PMID:Tannin-rich carob pod for the treatment of acute-onset diarrhea. 272 39

Aeromonas was isolated from the stools of ten out of sixty-six young (15%) suffering from acute diarrhea. These are the first reported cases in the Philippines and the prevalence cited was higher than reported elsewhere. Three species isolated were A. hydrophilia (50%), A. caviae (30%) and A. sobria (20%), either singly (60%) or in combination with ETEC and Campylobacter jejuni. Mean age of patients was 12.9 months with mean pre-admission duration of diarrhea of 48.6 hours. Mean stool frequency was 8.3 times per day prior to admission. Clinical features on admission showed that fever and vomiting were common complaints (70%) with majority of the patients (80%) presenting with only mild dehydration. Bloody diarrhea was absent in all, although mucoid stools were found in 50% of cases. Total stool output was variable with a mean of 245.0 g/kg admission body weight. Duration of diarrhea while in the hospital was short with a mean of 53.4 hours. The pathogenicity of the organism is still the subject of numerous researches. Further studies on this aspect and its epidemiology need to be undertaken.
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PMID:Aeromonas-associated diarrhea in Filipino children. 279 95

A 1-year study of the etiology of acute diarrhea complicated by severe (10%) dehydration, active bleeding, shock and cardiovascular collapse, pneumonia, acute renal failure, or seizures in infants under 18 months of age was performed in Cairo, Egypt. Of 145 infants, 19 (13%) died or left the hospital moribund; the remaining 126 patients were classified as having potentially fatal illness. A variety of enteropathogens were identified with approximately equal frequency in the fatal and nonfatal complicated cases as well as in 135 controls with severe uncomplicated diarrhea. The agents most frequently detected in infants with severe diarrhea in this population which were felt to be etiologically important were rotavirus (33%), heat-stable enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (20%), heat-labile enterotoxin-producing E. coli (11%), enteropathogenic E. coli (8%), and Salmonella spp. (5%). The high rate of occurrence of Giardia lamblia (35%) probably represented the high carriage rate of the protozoan in this population. Complicated (fatal and potentially fatal) cases differed from control cases in a number of ways: the onset of diarrhea was more sudden, the course was progressive and of greater initial intensity, vomiting occurred more frequently, the patients more often had visited another physician before coming to the hospital, the patients more often had respiratory symptoms and pulmonary abnormalities on auscultation, hypoactive bowel sounds and abdominal distention were more common, as was oliguria, and the patients showed lower mean body weights.
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PMID:Detection of enteropathogens in fatal and potentially fatal diarrhea in Cairo, Egypt. 302 41

A study was conducted at the Ndola Central Hospital, Zambia, in 1987 to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection increases the risk or severity of infection with falciparum malaria in patients aged 12 years and over. The 170 patients examined all presented with symptoms suggestive of malaria, including fever, chills, rigors, headaches, joint pains, myalgia, acute diarrhea, and vomiting. 67 (39%) were diagnosed as having falciparum malaria and 28 (17%) were positive for the HIV antibody. The prevalence of malarial parasitemia in patients with HIV antibodies was lower than that in patients without such antibodies (29% versus 42%, respectively), and differences in densities of parasites also failed to provide evidence of increased susceptibility to malaria in patients infected in HIV. There were no significant differences in antibody titers to P falciparum in patients who were positive for HIV antibody and in those who were negative, whether or not they had parasitemia. The earlier finding of a significant association between malaria and HIV infection is now believed attributable to false positive results with the 1st enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and to interpretation difficulties with the Western blot test. Of interest is the fact that 20 patients in this study had symptoms suggestive of malaria, but had negative results for parasites and positive results for HIV antibody. This indicates that many patients with HIV infection may be presenting with an illness clinically similar to malaria before acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex or AIDS is recognizable.
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PMID:Relation between falciparum malaria and HIV seropositivity in Ndola, Zambia. 304 86

This paper analyses a few selected features from the history and clinical examination of 1258 patients with acute diarrhoea and a single laboratory diagnosis of either cholera, rotavirus, or enterotoxigenic (ETEC) Escherichia coli infection. Age distribution and seasonality in Bangladesh were also studied. The duration of illness before admission was not significantly different in the 3 groups. Cholera occurred especially in the spring and early winter. Most cholera patients were between 3 and 10 years of age. Over 37% of the patients developed severe dehydration. In about 90% of cholera cases, the stools were alkaline (pH greater than 7). ETEC infections were seen mostly in April-May and September-October. Infants were frequently affected but from age 25 onwards the age distribution closely followed that of cholera. Severe dehydration occurred in 8.3% of patients and was more frequent than in rotavirus cases. Stool pH was as frequently acidic as basic. Rotavirus cases were concentrated during the winter in patients under 2 years of age. They had marked vomiting, yet severe dehydration was almost absent. Cough was present in half of them. The stools were usually acidic. In spite of considerable overlap of signs and symptoms between the 3 aetiological groups, a presumptive diagnosis of cholera could be made in patients past infancy and early childhood who showed very severe dehydration. However, age-specific prevalence was strikingly different and seasonal variations considerable.
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PMID:Cholera, rotavirus and ETEC diarrhoea: some clinico-epidemiological features. 306 59

Infantile diarrhea in France is usually benign and self limiting, but in rare cases dehydration or malnutrition with continuing diarrhea can occur. Dehydration may almost always be prevented and treated with an oral solution containing glucose and electrolytes. Rapid feeding adapted to the age of the child can help prevent nutritional problems. The need for antibiotics and other medications is very limited. Intestinal infection is the cause of most cases of infantile diarrhea. 10-15% of cases are caused by bacteria of various types and the vast majority of the remainder by viruses, with the rotavirus alone accounting for around 1/2 of cases. Oral rehydration can compensate for the exaggerated loss of water and electrolytes. No matter how serious the diarrhea or its cause, some potential for absorption of water and sodium is always retained. Sodium absorption is facilitated by the concomitant presence of glucose in the intestines. Oral rehydration solutions commercially available in France have an electrolyte content adapted to the average fecal loss locally observed in acute diarrhea. Oral rehydration solution is offered to infants at short intervals in a bottle, allowing the child to drink as the need arises. Significant quantities may be absorbed in the 1st 24 hours. Any vomiting usually ceases after administration of a small amount of glucose. Traditional dietary preparations for diarrhea such as carrot soup and products based on rice have essentially an absorbent power and do not diminish intestinal loss of water and electrolytes. In cases of severe dehydration with weight loss of over 10% and unconsciousness, intravenous rehydration is indicated. Whether oral or parietal, rehydration should always be rapid so that feeding can begin. Feeding should start after 24 or at most 48 hours of rehydration to maintain the nutritional state. Rapid feeding is usually well tolerated, but there may be a transitory intolerance to lactose or a secondary sensitivity to proteins in cow's milk. Breast feeding should not be interrupted, but bottle feedings should be stopped for 24-48 hours and reintroduced for infants under 3 months with protein formula not based on cow's milk and for those over 3 months with diluted formula.
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PMID:[Current treatment of acute diarrhea in infants]. 314 1

During a 12-month period, feces from 780 persons from the Townsville region were evaluated by the Kinyoun acid-fast strain, and 36 (4.6%) immunocompetent patients were found to have Cryptosporidium oocysts. Twenty-five index cases were identified; 13 (8.6%) cases from 151 patients were from Palm Island, an isolated Aboriginal community in the wet tropics and 12 (1.9%) cases from 629 patients were from the dry tropics of Townsville. All 11 secondary cases were associated with a person-to-person outbreak in the nursery of a Townsville day-care centre. Infection occurred mainly in two distinct age groups: the under five-year-old (27 cases), and the 25 to 35-year-old (six cases). A prodrome of dry cough, rhinorrhea and vomiting often preceded symptoms of fever, weight loss, abdominal pain, persistent cough and vomiting, and acute diarrhea with frequent, non-bloodstained, watery, mucous stools. Although 13 patients were hospitalised because of their illness, the infection was self-limiting and all 36 patients recovered with symptomatic treatment. Cryptosporidium was the third most commonly identified enteric pathogen after Rotavirus and Giardia. Infection did not appear to depend on seasonal variation and no animal or environmental sources of infection were identified. Cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent persons is endemic and common in North Queensland and routine investigations for this parasite in symptomatic patients are warranted.
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PMID:Human cryptosporidiosis in North Queensland. 326 49

We report a controlled clinical trial of rice powder-based oral rehydration solution (ORS) versus glucose ORS on the outcome of acute diarrhea in infants. The rice ORS group (n = 30) received ORS containing 50 g rice powder instead of standard WHO solution (20 g glucose, n = 30). Formula-fed male infants were enrolled to enable calculation of milk intake and excretion of urine. Patient allocation to either group depended on the method of random permuted blocks. Both groups were comparable regarding age (4-18 months), duration of diarrhea, number of bowel movements or vomiting per 24 h, rectal temperature, dehydration score, and nutritional status. Results revealed that the rice ORS group had a shorter duration of diarrhea (28.4 +/- 5.1 vs 34.3 +/- 2.3 h) and greater mean weight gain in the first 24 h as percentage of recovery weight (5.7 +/- 0.5% vs 4.1 +/- 0.6%). Furthermore, the mean amount of ORS intake, mean stool output, and mean number of episodes of vomiting were lower in the rice-ORS group as compared with the glucose ORS group. All differences were statistically significant. Due to its observed superiority and low cost, the widespread use of rice ORS should be considered for treatment of acute diarrhea.
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PMID:Controlled clinical trial on the efficacy of rice powder-based oral rehydration solution on the outcome of acute diarrhea in infants. 329 71

Seventeen pediatricians and 34 general practitioners (GP) randomly selected in the closest area around Edouard-Herriot hospital (Lyon, France) were questioned regarding socio-economic status of families of infants who were treated for non severe acute diarrhea (loss of weight less than 10% of the initial body weight, no dehydration), and gave a copy of their prescription. During the same period, information was collected on outpatients as well as hospitalized cases of non severe acute diarrhea. Results show that in 3 months, GPs treated approximately 500 cases of non severe acute diarrhea, pediatricians 230 and the hospital 64. Oral rehydration was prescribed in 16% of diarrhea treated by GPs and 50% of those treated by pediatricians. The socio-economic status of families treated by pediatricians differed widely from those treated by GPs as well as those cared for in hospital. Vomiting as an argument for admission was found in 55% of referrals.
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PMID:[Modalities of the care of acute non-severe infantile diarrhea as a function of the place of care. Prospective study during a winter epidemic]. 341 17

During a period of 3 months, 267 children with non severe acute diarrhea (NSAD) were treated by one of four modalities of care: in the private office of a general practitioner (n = 58), or of a paediatrician (n = 109), in a hospital emergency service (n = 62), or as hospital inpatients (n = 38). The socio-economic status and the cost of treatment for each of these children was subsequently assessed. The children admitted to hospital were mainly referred by hospital out-patient departments (47%) and general practitioners (37%) who, unlike paediatricians, care for more socially disadvantaged patients. The main reason for hospitalization was the presence of diarrhea with vomiting (55%). Several measures are proposed to redefine the role of the hospital and to improve cooperation with doctors in office practice, which would reduce both the number of hospitalizations due to NSAD and the length of hospital stay. Since the cost of treating NSAD hospital is 60 time greater than care at home, these measures are economically important.
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PMID:[Care of non-severe acute diarrhea in infants: a socioeconomic approach]. 344 55


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