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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since over half of the children aged 5 years and under in the developing world suffer from mild-moderate malnutrition, means of correcting nutrition deficiencies are essential. In the case of the child with diarrhea, malnutrition is exacerbated by a number of disease-related factors including anorexia, cultural or medical withdrawal of food, and purgation. It was discovered, in a study among Apache children, that early and rapid replacemtnt of volume loss and correction of electrolyte imbalance using glucose-electrolyte solutions administered orally can restore physical well-being and appetite to children suffering from acute diarrhea, and hence enhance these children's nutritional status. The solution recommended contained, in millimolar concentrations per liter: sodium, 81; potassium, 18; choride, 71; HC03, 28; and glucose, 139. A field trial of oral therapy for acute diarrhea in children is called for tod etermine the extent of effects on nutrition and mortality, as well as to indicate some of the cultural and logistical problems which remain to be solved.
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PMID:Oral glucose-electrolyte therapy for diarrhea: a means to maintain or improve nutrition? 105 11

Acetorphan is an orally active inhibitor of enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11) with antidiarrhoeal activity in rodents apparently through protection of endogenous enkephalins and a purely antisecretory mechanism. Its antidiarrhoeal activity in man was assessed in an experimental model of cathartic induced secretory diarrhoea as well as in acute diarrhoea of presumed infectious origin. In six healthy volunteers receiving castor oil and pretreated with acetorphan or placebo in a crossover controlled trial, the drug significantly decreased the number and weight of stools passed during 24 hours. About 200 outpatients with severe acute diarrhoea (more than five stools per day) were included in a randomised double blind study of acetorphan against placebo. The significant antidiarrhoeal activity of acetorphan was established using a variety of criteria: (i) the duration of both diarrhoea and treatment were diminished; (ii) no acetorphan treated patient withdrew from the study whereas five dropped out because of worsening in the placebo group; (iii) the frequency of symptoms associated with diarrhoea--for example, abdominal pain or distension, nausea and anorexia--remaining after two weeks was nearly halved; (iv) using visual analogue scales acetorphan treatment was found more effective than placebo by both investigators and patients. There was statistically no significant difference between acetorphan and placebo in respect of side effects, particularly constipation, which often accompanies the antidiarrhoeal activity of mu opioid receptor agonists this difference is attributable to the lack of antipropulsive activity of acetorphan in man. The efficacy and tolerance of acetorphan suggest that enkephalinase inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic approach for the symptomatic management of acute secretory diarrhoea without impairing intestinal transit.
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PMID:Effects of acetorphan, an enkephalinase inhibitor, on experimental and acute diarrhoea. 847 99

The appropriate choice of treatment for infants with diarrhea has long provoked debate. Growth of infants with diarrhea is adversely affected by associated diseases including anorexia, malabsorption, catabolic response to infection, and iatrogenic starvation. To prevent the negative effects of diarrhea on the nutrition of infants, continued feeding during the active and early convalescent phases has been recommended. Although this concept is not new, until recently it has been little used in the treatment of diarrhea. In this article we examine the current knowledge about, and trends in, feeding infants with diarrhea. We will discuss treatments for the well-nourished infant with acute diarrhea, the infant with prolonged diarrhea, and the malnourished infant. Information regarding the use of local staples will also be provided.
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PMID:Nutritional therapy for infants with diarrhea. 209 32

Acute infectious diarrhoea is the major killer of children in the Third World. It is also the principal cause of malnutrition in children under 5 years of age. More than 4 million children die each year of diarrhoea and its complications. Acute diarrhoea kills by causing dehydration, which leads to hypovolaemia and metabolic acidosis. Recurrent episodes of diarrhoea lead to malnutrition as the result of anorexia, catabolism from infection, and lack of adequate caloric and protein intake because of the widespread custom of 'starving' diarrhoea. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is effective in the prevention and treatment of dehydration caused by diarrhoea. Because it is cheap, easy to administer and very effective, ORT has the potential to allow substantial reductions in the morbidity and mortality of acute diarrhoea in children living in less developed countries. The major obstacles to achieving its potential are the social ones of production and distribution of oral rehydration solutions and of educating parents in how to use ORT.
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PMID:Overview of the worldwide problem of diarrhoea. 306 40

The practical implications of equine salmonellosis in the light of present knowledge are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the various clinical forms which the disease may take. These include asymptomatic infections, signs of fever, anorexia and depression, severe acute diarrhoea and the septicaemic form. Diagnosis depends on recovery of the organism from the blood or faeces or, at necropsy, from tissues. In asymptomatic infections, it may be necessary to make serial faecal cultures over several days before a negative diagnosis may be made with any degree of certainty. Isolation of salmonellae is more readily accomplished when clinical signs, particularly diarrhoea, are present. Treatment depends on the nature of the infection and ranges from no measures in some asymptomatic cases to those in which antimicrobial drugs, fluids, electrolytes and buffers are administered. In both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, faecal shedding continues during and after antimicrobial therapy. The part played by stress (eg, heat, chilling and over-crowding) is discussed in relation to pathogenesis. Measures of control depend on reducing exposure to the organism and a number of steps to achieve this are described.
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PMID:Equine salmonellosis: a contemporary view. 729 43

A period of acute diarrhoea in infants is often associated with anorexia and weight loss. Catch-up growth is, therefore, necessary and this depends very much on the type of food, in terms of nutrient density, protein quality and digestibility, given to the child. Fermented (F) and non-fermented (NF) maize-soybean porridges of increased nutrient density were formulated and compared with traditionally fermented maize-only porridge (P) for acceptability using mothers in peri-urban Ghana as well as urban Nigeria as subjects. Subsequently, infants hospitalised in paediatric wards for acute diarrhoea, from the same communities in both countries, were assigned randomly to one or other of the three porridges. Infant subjects in all cases fell within the ages of 6-15 months. Complementary to regular breast-feeding, infants could consume as much porridge as they wanted and their total daily consumption was interpreted as an indication of acceptance. Although mothers in both the environments of Ghana and Nigeria rated P as more acceptable than F and NF, no significant difference was recorded in the quantitative intake by infants of the three formula groups. By adding enzyme-rich cereal malt flour (at the 1-5% level by weight) as a viscosity-thinning agent to F and NF porridges, it was possible to feed these porridges to infants at total solids concentration levels of 20-25% (wet basis) which is approximately double the solid matter content of the P porridge. Consequently, the daily nutrient intake by infants consuming F and NF porridges was considerably higher compared to the P porridge group. It is concluded that the concept of high nutrient density weaning foods is a feasible vehicle for an improvement of nutrient supply to infants.
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PMID:Feeding of lactic acid-fermented high nutrient density weaning formula in paediatric settings in Ghana and Nigeria: acceptance by mother and infant and performance during recovery from acute diarrhoea. 857 62

Despite recommendations from several bodies such as the World Health Organization and others that feeding should be continued during diarrhea, the practice of withholding food during the early stages of diarrhea is still widespread. This contributes to a deterioration in patients' nutritional state. The principal controversy in the nutritional therapy of acute gastroenteritis centers on the relative risks of cows'-milk feeds. The two things that need to be considered in determining the optimum approach to feeding the child with acute diarrhea are the optimum timing for feeding children in relation to the onset of and recovery from symptoms and, secondly, the effects of specific food ingredients in the diet. Recent studies have demonstrated that the vast majority of young children with acute diarrhea can be successfully managed with continued feeding of undiluted non-human milk. Routine dilution of milk and routine use of lactose-free formula are not necessary, especially when oral rehydration therapy and early feeding (in addition to milk) form the basic approach to the clinical management of diarrhea in children. Confounding factors are the severity of the diarrhea, coexistent malnutrition, and young age (< 1 y); such infants are much more likely to have complications from early feeding with undiluted milk and some would advocate use of specifically designed lactose-free formula in such children. Children who are fed exclusively with human milk and those who receive solid foods with or without human milk may safely continue to receive their usual diets during diarrhea. Those who are fed exclusively with non-human milk--especially when very young and with severe diarrhea or malnutrition--should be closely observed if they continue to consume milk or they should receive a special formulation (e.g., a cereal-milk mixture or fermented milk product). The use of nutrient-dense mixtures of common foods may be advisable to promote compensatory growth in those who lose weight during illness or because of anorexia or malabsorption.
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PMID:Nutritional management of acute diarrhea. 978 56

During a diarrheal episode, the body cannot absorb nutrients as well as it can when it is healthy. Nutrient intake may fall as much as 33% during the first days of a diarrheal episode. Loss of appetite or vomiting often occurs, or mothers may follow traditional beliefs or incorrect recommendations and feed the child less. This contributes to malnutrition, which, in turn, facilitates infections (e.g., diarrhea) because the body does not have the nutrients to fight infections. In fact, malnourished children usually have longer and more severe episodes of acute diarrhea (14 days) than well-nourished children. Good nutrition before, during, and after diarrhea can break the cycle of malnutrition and diarrhea. If a child develops dehydration, oral rehydration therapy (ORT) should be administered and feeding (other than breast feeding) should be suspended for a few hours. ORT may include home fluids (e.g., soup). Caretakers should resume feeding within 4-6 hours after ORT begins. The children should receive at least 6 small meals a day during and after diarrhea. Severely malnourished children should continue to receive food, especially potassium-rich foods (e.g., bananas and coconut water) during ORT. Rehydration should last longer (12-24 hours) in severely malnourished children. Growth slows down during diarrhea regardless of food intake. During the recovery period, the very hungry children may consume as much as 2 times the amount normally eaten. Caretakers should provide an extra meal for a recovering child for 2 weeks. Breast feeding should continue at least at the same level during diarrhea. Non-breast-fed infants should continue to receive undiluted animal milk or formula during acute diarrhea. Older infants (=or 4 months) who are already receiving soft or solid foods should continue to receive them during diarrhea. Adding 1-2 teaspoonfuls of vegetable oil (e.g., red palm oil) to staple foods increases the energy content.
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PMID:Nutrition. You can break the diarrhoea circle. 1231 52

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine group A rotavirus (PGAR) are the main causative agents of acute diarrhea in piglets. In South Korea, PGAR is prevalent in piglets naturally infected with PEDV. Piglets naturally co-infected with PEDV and PGAR appeared to have severe and prolonged diarrhea that was distinct from that commonly observed. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of PGAR co-infection on PEDV pathogenicity in piglets. Thirty-six colostrum-deprived, one-day old, Large White-Duroc crossbred pigs were randomly divided into four equal groups: PEDV, PEDV/PGAR, PGAR, and control groups. The piglets were euthanized at 1, 2, or 3 days post-inoculation (DPI) to measure the villous height:crypt depth (VH:CD) ratio and to collect fecal samples for RT-PCR and virus isolation. No significant differences in mean VH:CD ratio and clinical symptoms (diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and anorexia) were observed between the PEDV/PGAR-infected and PEDV-infected groups of piglets at 1, 2 and 3 DPI; however, at 2 and 3 DPI, PGAR was detected in all fecal samples by RT-PCR and virus isolation. These findings failed to detect any interaction between PEDV and porcine rotavirus in the small intestines of piglets, suggesting that concurrent infection of PGAR may not synergistically enhance intestinal villous atrophy of piglets with PEDV disease. We propose that the severe diarrhea exhibited in PEDV and PGAR co-infected piglets may be more associated with the immunity level of the host rather than to any synergistic effect of PGAR on PEDV enteritis.
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PMID:Impact of porcine group A rotavirus co-infection on porcine epidemic diarrhea virus pathogenicity in piglets. 1772 5

A 1-year-old Holstein Friesian heifer was presented for anorexia and acute diarrhoea. The heifer was born and raised at the farm. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection was diagnosed using clinical signs and RT-PCR. Clinical BVDV infection has never been reported in Jordan.
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PMID:Clinical bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in Jordan. 2111 87


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