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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We conducted a prospective study 77 indigenous African adults with acute diarrhea seeking care at the major hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, to determine the major pathogens responsible for this syndrome in adults. Fecal and blood specimens were collected and examined for enteric bacterial pathogens, viruses, and parasites. In 13 (26%) inpatients and 11 (49%) outpatients Shigella was found, and heat-labile and heat-stable forms of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were found in 9 (18%) inpatients and 1 (4%) outpatient. Human revirus-like agent titers rose significantly in another 3 (6%). Amebic dysentery was not seen although hemagglutination-inhibition tests for invasive Entamoeba histolytica were positive in 4 inpatients. An etiologic agent was found in 65% of patients.
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PMID:New and old agents in diarrhea: a prospective study of an indigenous adult African population. 20 97

Surveillance of 2,041 babies born during 4 winter months in one obstetric hospital in Melbourne, Australia, showed that 215 developed acute diarrhea during the first 2 weeks of life. Babies requiring special care from birth had a high incidence of sporadic diarrhea (36%). The incidence of diarrhea among healthy full-term babies was low if they were "rooming-in" with their mothers (2 to 3%) but high if they were housed in communal nurseries (29%). The most important factor influencing incidence of diarrhea was proximity to other newborn babies and frequency of handling by related adults. Breast feeding did not always protect babies from diarrhea. Excretion of rotaviruses was temporally retlated to diarrhea in 61 to 76% of healthy full-term babies and in 44% of babies requiring special care. Other eneteric pathogens, including enerotoxigenic Escherichia coli, were occasionally isolated. Calculation of the ratios of symptomatic to asymptomatic infection suggests that babies requiring special care are much more likely to develop symptomatic illness after rotavious infection than are full-term babies.
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PMID:Diarrhea and rotavirus infection associated with differing regimens for postnatal care of newborn babies. 22 7

343 children with acute diarrhea were studied from january 1976 to september 1977. Rotavirus was the agent most frequently isolated (18 per cent) followed by Shigella (12 per cent) and Salmonella (10 per cent). Enterotoxigenic E. coli was identified in 8 per cent and invasive E. coli only in two cases. 80 per cent of isolated rotavirus fell in the neonate group and 25 per cent in the infant group. Diarrhea caused by rotavirus had a short duration, fever was negligible and abundant liquid stools were present without leukocytes in the fecal mucus and with a high percentage (48 per cent) of transient lactose intolerance. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes were found in fecal mucus in 75 per cent of cases caused by Shigella and only in 40 per cent of cases where the causal agent was Salmonella.
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PMID:[Acute infectious gastroenteritis. Etiology and its correlation with clinical manifestations and fecal mucus]. 22 38

A study of acute gastroenteritis in children was carried out with the aim of establishing the prevalence of human reoviruslike agent (HRLA) and its relation to other enteric pathogens in Israel. The stools of 384 children with acute diarrhea referred to a pediatric emergency service were screened for HRLA by counterimmunoelectroosmorphoresis (CIEOP) and for pathogenic bacteria. Evidence of HRLA infection was found in 65 patients (17%). The highest infection rate prevailed during the cool season (25%), with a peak prevalence (41%) in November, when both the temperature and humidity were low. A very high proportion of HRLA was found in children younger than 36 months and no HRLA infection was observed in those older than nine years. The highest prevalence occurred in infants younger than six months, a situation rarely encountered in other countries. The main clinical features of HRLA infection were fever, vomiting, dehydration, signs of upper respiratory infection and carbohydrate intolerance. Bacterial pathogens accounted for 45% of enteric infections. Shigella species predominated (28%) during the summer season, especially in older children. In 38% of the study group, no etiologic agent could be detected. None of the 50 control subjects showed evidence of viral or bacterial pathogens in stools.
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PMID:Etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in Israel: role of human reoviruslike agent and bacterial pathogens. 22 84

A case of acute diarrhoeal disease in a young male due to Campylobacter jejuni is described, and the importance of this organism as a cause of acute diarrhoea in adults is discussed.
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PMID:Campylobacter enteritis: a common cause of adult diarrhoea. 29 69

A three-month survey was undertaken to determine the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica in diarrhoeal disease and acute abdominal disease in Palmerston North. C. jejuni was isolated from five domiciliary patients and one hospitalised patient with acute diarrhoea but there were no isolations from patients suffering from acute abdominal disease. The isolation rates for C. jejuni in domiciliary and hospitalised patients with acute diarrhoea were 7.8 percent and 1.7 percent respectively. Y. enterocolitica was not isolated.
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PMID:Campylobacter enteritis and Yersinia enterocolitica infection in New Zealand. 29 70

The enterotoxigenicity of 12 strains of coliform bacteria (Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli) isolated from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of persons with either acute diarrhea or tropical sprue and of 13 strains of the same species isolated from urine (GU) cultures was determined. Fractions of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins of each strain were separated by ultrafiltration, and the effect of graded concentrations (range, 100 microgram-10 pg/ml) on water transport was assessed by in vivo perfusion in the rat jejunum. Enterotoxigenic activity was defined as inducement of net secretion of water. All 12 of the GI strains and six of 13 GU strains elaborated enterotoxins, but there was a millionfold quantitative difference in the potency of the toxins produced. All of the GI strains produced one or both forms of toxin, which had a minimal effective concentration of as low as 0.1-10 ng/ml, whereas the GU strains produced toxins of weak or, rarely, of intermediate potency.
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PMID:Relative enterotoxigenicity of coliform bacteria. 33 Jul 67

Eight newborn calves were challenged orally with a known enteropathogenic strain of Escherichia coli 0101 K?(A) and two to six hours later each calf was fed a minimum of three pints colostrum. All calves suffered from acute diarrhoea of varying severity within 24 to 48 hours of infection. Immunofluorescent and histological examination of the small intestine demonstrated adherence of the challenge organism to the epithelium and the presence of pathological lesions similar to those seen in colostrum-deprived calves with enteric colibacillosis. It was concluded that in order to be effective prophylactically, colostrum must be fed prior to infection.
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PMID:Studies on the immunity of the calf to colibacillosis--VII: the experimental reproduction of enteric colibacillosis in colostrum-fed calves. 33 79

Loperamide, a butyramide derivative is a new agent for use in symptomatic control of acute non-specific diarrhoea and chronic diarrhoea. Unlike diphenoxylate or codeine, loperamide does not appear to exert opiate activity in man at normal therapeutic doses. In acute diarrhoea, loperamide provides more rapid control of symptoms than diphenoxylate when given in a flexible dosage according to unformed bowel movements, and in single dose studies 4mg loperamide has a much longer duration of effect than 5mg diphenoxylate. Loperamide is probably superior to diphenoxylate in providing symptomatic control of chronic diarrhoea such as that associated with chronic inflammatory bowel disease or following gastrointestinal surgery. It has been used for up to 3 years in such conditions without evidence of tolerance. The possibility of once daily dosage of loperamide in chronic diarrhoea is an advantage. Side-effects have not proved a problem.
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PMID:Loperamide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in diarrhoea. 34 29

The paper describes the first controlled trial of an oral glucose electrolyte solution designed on the basis of the optimum pathophysiological needs for rehydration in infantile diarrahoea. The solution, having a sodium concentration of 50 mmol/l, was tried in a group of 20 infants with moderate to severe dehydration due to acute diarrhoea and was compared with a matched group of 19 infants predominantly under 2 years of age taking a 'standard' oral solution with a sodium concentration of 90 mmol/l. They could be hydrated as well with a low sodium oral solution alone as with the standard solution. Intravenous fluid was not required in either group. The group treated with the high soldium 'standard' solution appeared to develop hypernatraemia and/or periorbital oedema more frequently than the other group. Also, the low sodium solution eliminated the need for additional free water orally.
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PMID:Oral rehydration in infantile diarrhoea. Controlled trial of a low sodium glucose electrolyte solution. 34 25


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