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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the duodena of Peruvian children with persistent diarrhea (PD) have been examined for virulence factors and compared with Enterobacteriaceae isolated from children with acute diarrhea, those convalescent from PD and diarrhea-free controls. Escherichia coli were isolated from 42 of 186 (23%) of the aspirates. All 11 children with PD in whom multiple E. coli colonies were examined were colonized by a single serotype. DNA probes identified enterotoxigenic E. coli in 2 of 89 (2.2%) PD aspirates and 2 of 38 (5.3%) acute diarrhea aspirates and enteroaggregative E. coli in one PD and one control aspirate. Strains positive with the enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor probe were identified from 2 of 89 (2.2%) patients with PD and 1 of 34 (2.9%) controls. A subset of 12 E. coli strains failed to show adhesion to human duodenal enterocytes although 5 of 9 showed sparse but polar attachment to ileal cells from a child with short bowel syndrome and PD. Three of 10 Enterobacteriaceae (two E. coli, one Klebsiella species) caused diarrhea in the reversible ileal tie adult rabbit model. Colonization with virulent Enterobactericeae did not explain the majority of episodes of PD. Examination of these duodenal bacteria in the rabbit model revealed some that caused diarrhea but were not recognized pathogens.
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PMID:Virulence properties of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the small intestine of children with diarrhea. 152 72

The onset of diarrhea complicates the care of critically ill patients, who often have complex cardiopulmonary, renal or metabolic problems. Diarrhea further upsets fluid and electrolyte balance and creates difficulties in nutritional support. Common causes of acute diarrhea in critically ill patients include medications, enteral feedings, ischemic bowel disease, pseudomembranous colitis, short bowel syndrome, intestinal fistulas, pancreatic insufficiency and opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Diarrhea in critically ill patients. 266 98

The observation that the intestinal Na(+)-glucose cotransporter remains intact in most diarrheal illnesses led to development of the life-saving, low-cost technology of oral rehydration salt (ORS) solutions. The primary therapeutic role of ORS solutions is in prevention and treatment of dehydration during management of acute gastroenteritis. Successful oral rehydration therapy involves early use of ORS with maintenance or timely resumption of regular feeding. Since the inception of the oral rehydration approach more than three decades ago, the widespread use of ORS solutions has revolutionized the management and outcomes of acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. The efficacy of the World Health Organization ORS solution and of commercial ORS formulations has been enhanced by reducing osmolarity. Newer formulations of ORS are under active investigation, with promise of added benefits, including promotion of intestinal healing. This article reviews fluid and electrolyte transport in the gastrointestinal tract, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute diarrhea, and the basis and formulation of current and newer ORS solutions. Guidelines for efficacious use of ORS in the management of acute gastroenteritis and short gut syndrome are also provided.
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PMID:The use of oral rehydration solutions in children and adults. 1524

Patients with short bowel syndrome often present with diarrhea and significant fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Management consists of the use of medication, dietary modification, and oral rehydration solutions. Zinc deficiency has been shown to result in diarrhea. Oral zinc has been used for the management of acute diarrhea primarily in underprivileged children in developing countries. The effectiveness and feasibility of adding zinc to oral rehydration solutions (ORS) to abate and control diarrhea for adult patients with intestinal failure caused by short bowel syndrome has not been studied. Based on studies evaluating the use of oral zinc supplementation in the treatment of acute diarrhea, recommendations are made for the composition of ORS in adults.
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PMID:Review of a potential role for zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions. 1621 43

The use of oral rehydration solution (ORS) has revolutionized the management of acute diarrhea. The implementation of the standard World Health Organization ORS (WHO-ORS) has resulted in decreased mortality associated with acute diarrheal illnesses in children, although in general stool volume and diarrhea durations are not reduced. Decreased morbidity and mortality have occurred because of improved hydration status. Decreased morbidity has also been described in adults who used this therapy. Various modifications to the standard ORS have been derived. These modifications have included hypo-osmolar or hyperosmolar solutions, use of rice-based ORS, zinc supplementation, and the use of amino acids, including glycine, alanine, and glutamine. Some of these variations have been successful, some have not, and others are still under investigation. ORS has been used for travelers' diarrhea and to decrease intravenous (IV) fluid requirements in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) who require parenteral nutrition (PN). This paper reviews the standard WHO-ORS and its mechanism of action, followed by more contemporary reduced osmolarity ORS and rice-based ORS in non-cholera diarrhea. Various modifications to improve ORS are also discussed.
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PMID:Oral rehydration solutions in non-cholera diarrhea: a review. 1955 Apr 7