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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Growth of bacteria greater than 10-5 organisms/ml was found in 22 children, of whom 17 gave a histroy of chronic diarrhoea. The other 8 children had either no diarrhoea or where having an acute attack lasting for a few days. In those with chronic diarrhoea, Esch. coli, bacteroides, and enterococci tended to occur more frequently, whereas streptococci occurred more frequently in those with acute diarrhoea. Bacilli, staphylococci, micrococci, klebsiellas, pseudomonads, and candidas often occurred in both groups and in large numbers in those with chronic diarrhoea. This confirms previous reports in other parts of the world that some children with malnutrition have considerable bacterial contamination of the jejunum, and that this may be of aetiological significance as a cause of much of the diarrhoea seen in malnourished children. It is possible too that this may be important in the pathogenesis of malnutrition. The presence of intestinal parasites in these malnourished children is also noted. A double-blind trial in the use of antibiotics in this condition is advocated to determine whether it is possible to break the diarrhoea-malabsorption-malnutrition cycle. At the same time the effect of simply removing the child to a more sanitary environment, together with an estimate of the natural clearance of bacteria from the upper intestine, should be evaluated.
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PMID:Jejunal microflora in malnourished Gambian children. 109 72

A prospective, year-long study of the microbiology of childhood gastro-enteritis in Perth showed that (i) Aeromonas-associated diarrhoea was the commonest recognized bacterial cause for acute diarrhoea, especially in summer, (ii) Campylobacter infections were the next most common bacterial cause, (iii) rotavirus and parasites were not significant causes of sporadic acute childhood diarrhoea, and (iv) enteric bacterial pathogens and intestinal parasites were often isolated from Aboriginal children, whether they had diarrhoea or not. Infections with enterotoxigenic bacteria, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and enterotoxigenic Aeromonas spp., were important causes of acute diarrhoea in Aboriginal children. This is probably due to faecal pollution of their living environment and inadequate personal and community hygiene. Infections with enterotoxigenic bacteria, especially ETEC, are major causes of acute diarrhoea where living conditions are unsatisfactory, as in many developing countries. Simple and cheap methods are needed to identify these infections. A biotyping method was used to screen for ETEC which could improve the efficiency of recognizing these bacteria and help to reduce the number of tests needed to identify ETEC.
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PMID:Gastro-enteritis in Australian children: studies on the aetiology of acute diarrhoea. 245 32

While intestinal parasites are infrequent causes of acute diarrhea, investigations in travellers, children, homosexuals and immunocompromised persons who have had diarrhea for more than 2-4 weeks should include stool analyses for intestinal parasites. Intestinal helminthiases are treated with pyrantel pamoate, mebendazole, thiabendazole, albendazole, praziquantel or niclosamide. For treatment of intestinal protozoa, ornidazole (or other benzimidazoles), diloxanide furoate and co-trimoxazole are drugs of first choice; at present spiramycin is recommended for treatment of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS patients. When infections or symptoms persist after treatment, re-infection or immunodeficiency should be considered.
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PMID:[Intestinal parasitoses]. 372 13

In a prospective survey, 1130 children were studied for parasitic infections associated with acute diarrhoea and/or protein energy malnutrition at the Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria. Intestinal parasites were isolated in 29.2% of the children with E. histolytica, S. mansoni, Hookworm and A. lumbricoides predominating. Children with diarrhoea marginally harbour parasites more frequently than those without diarrhoea, particularly the diarrhoeagenic parasites. The prevalence and pattern of parasitic infections was similar between the malnourished children and their controls reflecting similar environmental influence. We therefore conclude that significant number of children are infected with intestinal parasites and these contribute to morbidity and mortality by precipitating or aggravating diarrhoeal disease or malnutrition. The need for improving sanitation, community awareness, and periodical mass treatment of pre-school and school age children with antiprotozoal and anti-helminthic drugs is advocated.
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PMID:Parasitic agents in childhood diarrhoea and malnutrition. 913 22

The aim of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Over a 19 month study period, 258 stool samples were examined from 159 children; 109 with diarrhea and 50 controls without diarrhea. Modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay were used to detect C. parvum and the samples were also examined for the presence of other intestinal parasites. Only 1 of the 109 (0.9%) children with acute diarrhea was positive for C. parvum by microscopy and PCR. Thirty-one percent of children were infested with other intestinal parasites, the most common being Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. In conclusion, we found C. parvum to be an uncommon infective agent in hospitalized children with or without diarrhea in Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
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PMID:Low prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in hospitalized children in Kota Bharu, Malaysia. 1155 83

A prospective observational study was conducted to determine the prevalence and the clinical impact of intestinal parasitic infections in diarrheal illness among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children hospitalized with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Stool samples were examined for intestinal parasites using a simple smear method, a formalin-ether concentration method, a modified acid-fast stain and a modified trichrome stain. Intestinal parasites (IP) were identified in the stool specimens of 27 of 82 (33%) HIV-infected and 12 of 80 (15%) HIV-uninfected children (p=0.01). Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium were the most common IP found. Eighty-two percent of HIV-infected and 97% of HIV-uninfected groups presented with acute diarrhea and 76% of each group had watery diarrhea. Pneumonia was the most common concurrent illness, found in 22%. Clinical findings were unable to differentiate children infected with IP. Sixty-three percent of HIV-infected and 83% of HIV-uninfected children who had IP made a satisfactory recovery without specific anti-parasitic therapy. However, 9 children (7 HIV-infected and 2 HIV-uninfected) with persistent diarrhea who also had cryptosporidiosis and/or microsporidiosis did not respond to azithromycin and/or albendazole respectively. HIV-infected children with cryptosporidiosis were older and had more advanced HIV infection than those with microsporidiosis. Routine stool examination for IP should be considered due to the absence of clinical markers. The lack of effective therapy for the major IP found underscores the importance of preventive measures.
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PMID:Intestinal parasitic infections among human immunodeficiency virus-infected and -uninfected children hospitalized with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. 1204 52

The Program of Information, Education, and Services for Basic Family Health Care in Magdalena Medio and Bajo was designed to increase knowledge and use of contraception and to improve basic health practices and nutrition in the region, which includes municipios belonging to 9 different departments and a total population of 1,720,000. Poverty levels in the area are high. During the 1st year of the project, which was underway from February 1988-May 1991, home visits were made to inform each family about basic family health, to weigh and measure children under 5 not receiving health care elsewhere, and to refer families to the nearest health services. Talks were presented to small groups on family planning, intestinal parasites, sexually transmitted diseases, nutrition, vaccination, cancer prevention, malaria, acute diarrhea, and acute respiratory infection. Community workshops were presented in the 2nd year. Community distribution posts were created for contraceptive and other health product distribution. Information and communication materials from PROFAMILIA were used, and other materials were specially designed for the project by the Foundation for Development of Health Education in Colombia. PROFAMILIA's system of service statistics was used for quantitative evaluation of the information and education activities and sales of contraceptives, antiparasitics, and oral rehydration packets of each instructor. In the 3 years of the program, 89.086 cycles of pills, 398,772 condoms, 29,080 vaginal tablets, 209.791 antiparasitics, and 49,305 oral rehydration packets were sold. 9295 talks were presented to 143,227 residents of the region. 22,000 children were enrolled in the growth monitoring program, and almost 40,000 women were referred for prenatal care and cytology. The instructors gave 900 talks to distributors of contraceptives, antiparasitics, and oral rehydration packets. Surveys of women aged 15-49 residing in the municipios covered by the project were conducted at the beginning and end of program activities in order to assess project impact. 1673 women were interviewed in the 1st survey in June-July 1988 and 1660 were interviewed in the 2nd survey in March-April 1991. In general terms, the region of Magdalena Medio and sand Bajo showed important changes in contraceptive prevalence, maternal-child health, knowledge of AIDS, and family violence over the 3 years of the project. Knowledge of contraception improved throughout the region, especially in rural areas. The proportion of women in union using a method increased from 56.7% to 58.0%. There were no overall changes in the proportions of children vaccinated.
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PMID:[Basic family health program in Magdalena Medio y Bajo]. 1228 83

From May to August 1999, we evaluated 401 patients from a pediatric hospital of Havana City. One group was composed of 113 patients with diarrhea admitted to the Gastroenterology ward and a second consisted of 288 patients without diarrhea, admitted for other reasons, and hospitalized within the same time period. Three stool samples were collected from each child and were examined using three parasitological techniques. When we compared the frequency of parasite species between both groups, we found Cryptosporidium spp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis, only in the group of children with diarrhea (P < 0.01). However, no significant differences were found in the occurrence of the other intestinal parasites (P > 0.05). In addition, in those children infected with Cryptosporidium, the diarrhea had a more prolonged duration (P < 0.01), while those infected with Cyclospora, the abdominal cramps or pain, and acute diarrhea were more frequently detected (P < 0.01). Our results showed that emerging intestinal coccidia are pathogens strongly associated in this group of children with diarrhea.
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PMID:Intestinal coccidia in Cuban pediatric patients with diarrhea. 1293 70

After a trip to tropical areas, diarrhea is frequent and is most often due to a parasite. Amebiasis is the principal cause of acute diarrhea. The other intestinal parasites cause chronic diarrhea, including in temperate countries; these include Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Microsporidium species in immunocompromised patients. Helminthic diseases, either cosmopolitan (Ascaris, Enterobius, and Taenia) or tropical (hookworms, Strongyloides, and Schistosoma), cause diarrhea with blood hypereosinophilia. Diagnosis is based on the examination of stool. Treatment is rapid, effective and well tolerated, while prophylaxis is often difficult to explain to the populations concerned.
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PMID:[Parasitic diarrhea]. 1733 30

Infectious acute diarrhea (IAD) is an important health problem affecting a large number of Latin-American children. Several reports show that bacteria, parasites and virus are involved in the burden of this disease. Most reports reveal Rotavirus A as the responsible etiological agent, at the same time, there seems to be some correlation between IAD and seasonal weather changes. To learn about the type of microbial agents associated with IAD in children during mildly changing yearly climatic conditions, as found in a high altitude tropical city, and to identify the viral agents affecting this population, stool samples from 300 children under 5 years of age were studied throughout a one-year period. Bacteria and intestinal parasites were identified by routine methods, while viruses were detected and typed by EIA and PCR. 20.6% of the IAD studied was associated with bacteria; 9% with parasites and 40% with virus. Group C Rotavirus accounted for 20.2%, group A Rotavirus for 13% and Calicivirus 10%. During November-April (p < 0.007) more virus associated IAD was found, while bacteria (p < 0.03) or parasite (p < 0.00014) related IAD was prevalent from May to October. The mild seasonal weather changes don't seem to be associated with any other microbial agent.
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PMID:Virus diversity of acute diarrhea in tropical highlands. 1735 70


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