Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0740441 (acute diarrhea)
 2,275 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Between July 1996 to June 1997 a total of 531 Stool samples from cases of acute diarrhoea, dysentry, colitis admitted to Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Manipal were investigated. Shigella were isolated from 29 samples (5.46%). Out of them, Shigella flexneri were 16 (55.17%), Shigella boydii 8 (27.58%), Shigella dysentriae 3 (10.34%) and Shigella sonnei 2 (6.89%). Five strains of Shigella flexneri and one strain of Shigella dysentriae were found to show resistance to Nalidixic acid and the newer fluoroquinolones viz., Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Ofloxacin. The in vitro 'R' factor transfer study showed that the resistance was not transferable.
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PMID:Shigella and the fluorinated quinolones. 986 7

Diarrhoea is a relatively frequent adverse event, accounting for about 7% of all drug adverse effects. More than 700 drugs have been implicated in causing diarrhoea; those most frequently involved are antimicrobials, laxatives, magnesium-containing antacids, lactose- or sorbitol-containing products, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, colchicine, antineoplastics, antiarrhythmic drugs and cholinergic agents. Certain new drugs are likely to induce diarrhoea because of their pharmacodynamic properties; examples include anthraquinone-related agents, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, lipase inhibitors and cholinesterase inhibitors. Antimicrobials are responsible for 25% of drug-induced diarrhoea. The disease spectrum of antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea ranges from benign diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis. Several pathophysiological mechanisms are involved in drug-induced diarrhoea: osmotic diarrhoea, secretory diarrhoea, shortened transit time, exudative diarrhoea and protein-losing enteropathy, and malabsorption or maldigestion of fat and carbohydrates. Often 2 or more mechanisms are present simultaneously. In clinical practice, 2 major types of diarrhoea are seen: acute diarrhoea, which usually appears during the first few days of treatment, and chronic diarrhoea, lasting more than 3 or 4 weeks and which can appear a long time after the start of drug therapy. Both can be severe and poorly tolerated. In a patient presenting with diarrhoea, the medical history is very important, especially the drug history, as it can suggest a diagnosis of drug-induced diarrhoea and thereby avoid multiple diagnostic tests. The clinical examination should cover severity criteria such as fever, rectal emission of blood and mucus, dehydration and bodyweight loss. Establishing a relationship between drug consumption and diarrhoea or colitis can be difficult when the time elapsed between the start of the drug and the onset of symptoms is long, sometimes up to several months or years.
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PMID:Drug-induced diarrhoea. 1064 76

The purpose of this study was to determine whether methods used to control swine dysentery (SD), caused by the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriae, would also be effective in controlling porcine intestinal spirochaetosis (PIS) caused by the related spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. Weaner pigs in Groups I (n=8) and II (n=6) received a standard weaner pig diet based on wheat and lupins, whilst Group III (n=6) received an experimental diet based on cooked white rice and animal protein. Pigs in Group II were vaccinated intramuscularly twice at a 3-week-interval with a formalinised bacterin made from B. pilosicoli porcine strain 95/1000 resuspended in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Eleven days later pigs in all groups were infected orally with 10(10) cells of strain 95/1000 on three successive days. One control pig in Group I developed acute diarrhoea, and at post-mortem had a severe erosive colitis with end-on attachment of spirochaetes to the colonic epithelium. All other pigs developed transient mild diarrhoea and had moderate patchy colitis at post-mortem 3 weeks later. B. pilosicoli was isolated from the faeces of all pigs, except for one fed rice, and was isolated from the mesenteric nodes of three pigs from Group I and from one vaccinated pig in Group II. Consumption of the rice-based diet, but not vaccination, delayed and significantly (p<0.001) reduced the onset of faecal excretion of B. pilosicoli after experimental challenge. Vaccination induced a primary and secondary serological response to B. pilosicoli, as measured using sonicated whole cells of strain 95/1000 as an ELISA plate coating antigen. Antibody titres in the vaccinated pigs then declined, despite intestinal colonisation by B. pilosicoli. Both groups of unvaccinated animals also failed to develop a post-infection increase in circulating antibody titres.
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PMID:Influences of diet and vaccination on colonisation of pigs by the intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira (Serpulina) pilosicoli. 1073 19

The most common enteric viruses responsible for diarrhoea are rotavirus, enteric adenoviruses, caliciviruses including the Norwalk agent and astrovirus. These infections are usually mild to moderate in severity, self-limiting and of short duration and thus, specific antiviral therapy is not recommended. The standard management of these infections is restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance and then maintenance of hydration until the infection resolves. WHO oral rehydration therapy (ORT) was introduced about 30 years ago and has saved the lives of many infants and young children. During the last 10 years it has become evident that the efficacy of ORT can be increased by reducing the osmolality of the WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS) to produce a relatively hypotonic solution. Hypotonic ORS appears to be safe and effective in all forms of acute diarrhoea in childhood. Complex substrate ORS, which is also usually hypotonic, has been shown to have increased efficacy in cholera but not in other bacterial or viral diarrhoeas. Nevertheless, the scientific rationale for using rice or resistant starch as substrate in ORS is of physiological interest. Other treatments such as hyperimmune bovine colostrum, probiotics and antiviral agents are largely experimental and have not been introduced into routine clinical practice. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract occurs mainly in the immunocompromised although it has been reported in immunocompetent individuals. CMV infects both the oesophagus and colon to produce oesophagitis, often with discrete ulcers, and colitis, respectively. Both conditions can be treated with ganciclovir or foscarnet. Failure to respond to monotherapy is an indication to use both agents concurrently.
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PMID:Treatment of gastrointestinal viruses. 1144 33

Drugs can have adverse effects on any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from mouth to colon. It is essential that a detailed and accurate drug history is taken in patients presenting with GI complaints. Many drug-induced effects will regress or heal on cessation of treatment. NSAIDs are usually associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers but are also recognised to cause lichen planus in the mouth, oesophageal inflammation and strictures, and small bowel and colonic ulcers and strictures. A newer class of anti-inflammatory drugs, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective inhibitors, have been developed and have a more favourable GI safety profile than standard NSAIDs. Acute diarrhoea, relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis and acute pancreatitis are also induced by ingestion of standard NSAIDs. The calcium antagonists, phenytoin and cyclosporin, induce gum hyperplasia, particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene. Alendronate, a bisphosphonate, has been associated with development of oesophageal ulcers, and specific recommendations are now given to reduce this complication. Of the many different forms of colitis associated with drug ingestion, the most frequent is pseudomembranous colitis. This is a complication of antibiotics and is caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. Many drugs have been associated with the development of acute pancreatitis, although a definite cause and effect relationship has been shown for only a few drugs. These include didanosine, furosomide, corticosteroids, azathioprine and sodium valproate.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal side effects of drugs. 1290 98

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of acute diarrhea worldwide, usually mild and self-limiting. No adequate hypothesis has yet been formulated to explain why in an otherwise healthy host this infection is occasionally severe. In a pig model, C jejuni has been shown to be pathogenic only in the presence of swine whipworm. A human case of life-threatening C jejuni colitis leading to toxic megacolon and acute renal failure, associated with concomitant whipworm (Trichuris suis) ova in the feces, is reported. The potential of T suis to potentiate C jejuni in humans deserves further study.
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PMID:Does whipworm increase the pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni? A clinical correlate of an experimental observation. 1505 92

The case reported here concerns an alcoholic pork-butcher who presented with severe colitis with peritonitis, caused by the only ciliate protozoan capable of infecting humans, Balantidium coli. This parasite is common in a variety of domestic and wild mammals, mainly pigs; however, its prevalence rate in humans is very low--particularly in industrialised, northern countries, including France. The infection is most frequently acquired by ingesting food or water contaminated by pig faeces, and it may be asymptomatic or may cause acute diarrhoea. Specific antibiotic treatment is efficacious, and it is important to consider the risk of this parasitic disease in susceptible patients presenting with bloody diarrhoea.
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PMID:Severe peritonitis due to Balantidium coli acquired in France. 1511 68

Plasma Antithrombin III (ATIII) activity was quantitated in 24 clinically normal Standardbred/Thoroughbred horses using a clotting time technique. ATIII activity ranged from 80 to 106% of the pooled reference standard plasma, with a mean of 94%. Horses presenting with impaction or spasmotic colic (n=17) had normal plasma ATIII activity, while 15 horses presenting with acute diarrhea/colitis had significantly lower plasma ATIII activity with a mean of only 74% of the reference plasma. Seven horses presenting with liver disease had significantly higher plasma ATIII activity with a range of 127 to 177% of the pooled reference plasma. Fifty-seven equine plasmas were retested using a rapid chromogenic substrate technique for quantitating plasma ATIII activity. A good correlation (r =+0.83) existed between clotting time and chromogenic determinations of ATIII. Pooled normal canine, human and bovine plasmas had only 65, 62 and 79%, respectively, of the ATIII activity of the equine reference plasma.
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PMID:Antithrombin III (ATIII) activity in plasmas from normal and diseased horses, and in normal canine, bovine and human plasmas. 1533 57

Selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 have less gastroduodenal toxicity than non selective anti-inflammatory drugs. However, there is little information on their effect on the distal gut. A 91 year old woman presented with acute diarrhoea 5 weeks after beginning celecoxib treatment. Laboratory results showed an inflammatory syndrome and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) to 13 N. Endoscopic examination of the colon showed diffuse erythematous lesions of the sigmoid and of part of the right colon. No aetiology has been found for colitis or hepatitis. Diarrhea and blood test anomalies disappeared one week after celecoxib was stopped. The role of celecoxib in the etiology of colitis was considered plausible but not for liver damage. This report and a few other cases in the literature suggest that cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug inhibitor toxicity should be investigated in case of unexplained acute colitis.
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PMID:[Acute colitis closely following the beginning of celecoxib treatment]. 1651 92

Probiotic bacteria are used to treat or prevent a broad range of human diseases, conditions, and syndromes. In addition, there are areas of medical use that have been proposed for future probiotic applications. Randomized double-blind studies have provided evidence of probiotic effectiveness for the treatment and prevention of acute diarrhea and antibiotic-induced diarrhea, as well as for the prevention of cow milk-induced food allergy in infants and young children. Research studies have also provided evidence of effectiveness for the prevention of traveler's diarrhea, relapsing Clostridium difficile-induced colitis, and urinary tract infections. There are also studies indicating that probiotics may be useful for prevention of respiratory infections in children, dental caries, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. Areas of future interest for the application of probiotics include colon and bladder cancers, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. The probiotics with the greatest number of proven benefits are Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Saccharomyces boulardii.
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PMID:Clinical indications for probiotics: an overview. 1818 32


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