Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0730345 (microalbuminuria)
4,018 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study evaluated the comparative effects of antihypertensive agents in patients with diabetes and normoalbuminuria and the evidence supporting equivalent use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) in patients with diabetes and micro- or macroalbuminuria. A systematic review was conducted by searching for randomized controlled trials (RCT) of antihypertensive agent versus placebo or another agent in hypertensive or normotensive patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and RCT of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, conference proceedings, and contact with investigators were used to identify available evidence. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed quality of trials. Sixteen RCT (7603 patients) of antihypertensive agents conducted in patients with diabetes and no nephropathy and 43 (7739 patients) of ACEi or ARB in patients with diabetic nephropathy were identified. A significant reduction in the risk for developing microalbuminuria in patients who had diabetes with no nephropathy was demonstrated for ACEi only (six trials, 3840 patients; relative risk [RR] 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43 to 0.84), and in patients with diabetic nephropathy, existing RCT have shown a survival benefit of ACEi (20 trials, 2383 patients; RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.99; P = 0.04) but not ARB (four trials, 3329 patients; RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.17). On the basis of available RCT evidence, ACEi are the only agents with proven renal benefit in patients who have diabetes with no nephropathy and the only agents with proven survival benefit in patients who have diabetes with nephropathy.
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PMID:Role of blood pressure targets and specific antihypertensive agents used to prevent diabetic nephropathy and delay its progression. 1721 46

Blood pressure strongly predicts microalbuminuria and later progression to renal failure in people with diabetes. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring seems to be superior to office blood pressure in predicting progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. The associations of ambulatory blood pressure with office blood pressure and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes remain unclear. We studied the association of office blood pressure taken with an automated device and ambulatory blood pressure with spot urine albumin:creatinine ratio in 1180 older people with type 2 diabetes participating in the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine Study. Office and awake systolic blood pressure were independently associated with albuminuria (P<0.001 for both) in a multivariate linear regression analysis that adjusted for age, gender, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, number of antihypertensive medications, and use of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. Twelve percent of participants had well-controlled office blood pressure but not ambulatory blood pressure, whereas 14% had well-controlled ambulatory but not office blood pressure. The prevalence of microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria in these subgroups was intermediate between those with well-controlled or uncontrolled blood pressure by both methods. We found, in a multiethnic group of older subjects with type 2 diabetes, that office systolic blood pressure and awake systolic ambulatory blood pressure exhibited independent associations with degree of albuminuria.
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PMID:Office and ambulatory blood pressure are independently associated with albuminuria in older subjects with type 2 diabetes. 1658 16

Declining kidney function predicts increasing cardiovascular risk in people with hypertension. Microalbuminuria is a marker for cardiovascular risk and declining kidney function. Agents that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), notably angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), reduce proteinuria and microalbuminuria, lower blood pressure and slow the progression of proteinuric kidney disease. Evidence is accumulating that the combination of an ACE inhibitor and an ARB is the optimal means of RAAS blockade in this setting, slowing the progression of nephropathy independently of blood pressure lowering to a greater degree than can be achieved using maximum approved doses of either agent alone. However, the emerging therapeutic potential of ACE inhibitor/ARB combination therapy in hypertensive kidney disease requires further characterization. The Irbesartan in the Management of PROteinuric patients at high risk for Vascular Events trial aims to determine definitively whether the combination therapy of an ARB, irbesartan and an ACE inhibitor, ramipril, is more effective than ramipril alone in reducing the urinary albumin excretion rate in patients at high cardiovascular risk with hypertension and proteinuria or microalbuminuria.
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PMID:Rationale and design of a study to evaluate management of proteinuria in patients at high risk for vascular events: the IMPROVE trial. 1671 Feb 87

Microalbuminuria is an established risk factor for renal disease, especially in the diabetic population. Recent studies have shown that microalbuminuria has also a highly relevant predictive value for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. From normal to overt proteinuria levels, albuminuria shows a continuous marked increase in cardiovascular risk. This association is independent of other "classical" cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia or smoking. Furthermore it has a predictive value not only for patients with diabetic or renal disease, but also for hypertensive individuals or the general population. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have been shown to display not only reno--but also cardioprotective effects. Their unique ability to lower albuminuria by 40% is related to a significant risk reduction in cardiovascular mortality. New clinical trials are needed to define "normal" albuminuria levels and how low we should go.
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PMID:[Microalbuminuria--a new cardiovascular risk factor?]. 1704 69

The current pandemic of diabetes mellitus will inevitably be followed by an epidemic of chronic kidney disease. It is anticipated that 25-40% of patients with type 1 diabetes and 5-40% of patients with type 2 diabetes will ultimately develop diabetic kidney disease. The control of blood pressure represents a key component for the prevention and management of diabetic nephropathy. There is a strong epidemiological connection between hypertension in diabetes and adverse outcomes in diabetes. Hypertension is closely linked to insulin resistance as part of the 'metabolic syndrome'. Diabetic nephropathy may lead to hypertension through direct actions on renal sodium handling, vascular compliance and vasomotor function. Recent clinical trials also support the utility of blood pressure reduction in the prevention of diabetic kidney disease. In patients with normoalbuminuria, transition to microalbuminuria can be prevented by blood pressure reduction. This action appears to be significant regardless of whether patients have elevated blood pressure or not. The efficacy of ACE inhibition appears to be greater than that achieved by other agents with a similar degree of blood pressure reduction; although large observational studies suggest the risk of microalbuminuria may be reduced by blood pressure reduction, regardless of modality. In patients with established microalbuminuria, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists (angiotensin receptor blockers [ARBs]) consistently reduce the risk of progression from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria, over and above their antihypertensive actions. The clinical utility of combining these strategies remains to be established. In patients with overt nephropathy, blood pressure reduction is associated with reduced urinary albumin excretion and, subsequently, a reduced risk of renal impairment or end stage renal disease. In addition to actions on systemic blood pressure, it is now clear that ACE inhibitors and ARBs also reduce proteinuria in patients with diabetes. This anti-proteinuric activity is distinct from other antihypertensive agents and diuretics. Although there is a clear physiological rationale for blockade of the renin angiotensin system, which is strongly supported by clinical studies, to achieve the optimal lowering of blood pressure, particularly in the setting of established diabetic renal disease, a number of different antihypertensive agents will always be needed. In the end, the choice of agents should be individualised to achieve the maximal tolerated reduction in blood pressure and albuminuria. Ultimately, no matter how it is achieved, so long as it is achieved, renal risk can be reduced by agents that lower blood pressure and albuminuria.
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PMID:Blood pressure lowering for the prevention and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. 1713 4

Microalbuminuria has been shown to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic and hypertensive patients, but also in the general population. Moreover, several reports suggest that reduction of urinary albumin excretion (UAE) is associated with improvement of cardiovascular prognosis. Reduction of UAE can be achieved by lowering arterial blood pressure, but blockers of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with their specific renal actions have demonstrated to be able to reduce UAE more than might be expected from reduction of blood pressure alone. Consequently, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may also provide superior cardiovascular protection, especially in subjects with higher levels of albuminuria, but evidence is still scarce. The ability of both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers to reduce UAE and provide cardiovascular protection suggests that the RAS may play a central role. New developments in this area include the use of aldosterone antagonists in albuminuric/proteinuric subjects, and the development of oral renin inhibitors. Combinations of the aforementioned drugs may have the ability to fully block the RAS, potentially avoiding all detrimental effects of this hormonal cascade. However, combination therapy is expected to also increase the incidence of side effects, such as hyperkalaemia and acute renal insufficiency. The current knowledge of microalbuminuria represents the proverbial tip of the iceberg, and future studies should focus on the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of urinary albumin excretion in relation to cardiovascular protection. Only then can a better understanding of the problem be achieved and the optimal pharmacological approach be ascertained.
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PMID:Urinary albumin excretion and the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular risk management. 1715 5

Effective management of diabetic patients includes comprehensive control for not only blood sugar, but also other cardiovascular risk factors. We assessed whether haemoglobin A1c (A1C) concentrations, blood pressure, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels and microalbuminuria were regularly measured in 281 patients with type 2 diabetes who received care for over 1 year in the Department of Family Medicine located in an urban area of Korea. Subsequently, in patients with A1C > 7%; blood pressure >130/80 mmHg; LDL cholesterol levels >100 mg/dl; or microalbuminuria, we evaluated the status of management for those cardiovascular risk factors. Physicians were most likely to measure A1C levels (98.6%), but less likely to measure microalbuminuria (56.2%), LDL cholesterol (73.7%), or blood pressure (74.4%). Patients whose A1C levels were above the goal (78.2%) were likely to receive optimal therapy. In contrast, only 21.1% of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure and 5.3% of patients with LDL cholesterol levels above the target range received optimal management. Of the 36 patients with microalbuminuria or overt proteinuria, 66.7% took angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Measurement of parameters indicating cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients was not optimal, particularly regular measurements for microalbuminuria and for controlling LDL-cholesterol and blood pressure. These findings indicate a need for greater education of comprehensive cardiovascular management in type 2 diabetic patients and their physicians.
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PMID:Lack of management of cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetic patients. 1722 79

In Australia the number of patients developing end-stage kidney disease is growing. Almost 70% of new cases of treated end-stage kidney disease are due to diabetes, hypertension or glomerulonephritis. The majority of these patients have a chronic decline of renal function over many years before dialysis is required, even when the initial insult is no longer present. Hypertension and the degree of proteinuria are the most important determinants for this progression and ample evidence suggests that angiotensin II is the key player in sustaining both hypertension and proteinuria. Angiotensin II mediates not only haemodynamic changes but also profibrotic and pro-inflammatory processes. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system decreases proteinuria and slows the progression of both diabetic and non-diabetic proteinuric renal disease. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are first-line therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy, whereas angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) are first-line therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria or overt nephropathy. Finally, treatment with ACE inhibitors delays the progression of proteinuric nephropathy in non-diabetic patients. Combination therapy with ACE inhibitors and ARB may allow a more complete blockade of the renin-angiotensin system and clinical trials show that ACE inhibitor-ARB combinations have an additive antiproteinuric effect of up to 40% compared with ACE inhibitor or ARB alone, without additional blood pressure-lowering effect. Finally, it is important to emphasize that progressive lowering of blood pressure to 120 mmHg is associated with improved renal outcome and that this effect is independent of baseline renal function.
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PMID:Prescribing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in chronic kidney disease. 1729 66

Microalbuminuria (MA) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adult hypertensive patients, but no study has specifically examined the effects of MA lowering on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) among pediatric patients with hypertension. Fifty-five patients with essential hypertension, 11-19 years old, were prospectively studied. All patients received concomitant therapy of hydrochlorothiazide and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Five patients also required angiotensin receptor blocker to achieve the blood pressure goal. Baseline and 12-month follow-up measures of left ventricular mass index (LVMI), determined by echocardiography and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (MA/Cr), were collected. MA was defined as MA/Cr >30 microg/mg. LVH was defined as LVMI >38.6 g/m(2.7). The primary end points were reductions in MA and LVMI of 25% or more. Weight (r = 0.83), body surface area (r = 0.85), body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.86), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (r = 0.57), diastolic blood pressure (DBF) (r = 0.49), mean arterial pressure (r = 0.53) and MA (r= 0.87) were all univariate correlates of LVMI. In a multiple regression analysis, MA, BMI and SBP were significant correlates of LVMI. MA alone explained 76% of the variance of LVMI, whereas BMI and SBP explained only 1.6 and 0.4% of the variance, respectively. MA was the most significant correlate of follow-up LVMI after BMI and SBP were included in the overall multiple regression models. Thus, MA is a strong predictor of LVH in hypertensive children and adolescents. MA lowering halts the progression of LVH or induces its regression.
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PMID:Effect of microalbuminuria lowering on regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. 1730 44

Prevention and regression of diabetic renal disease can be obtained through the combination of strict blood pressure control, which frequently requires the combination of different antihypertensive drugs, with tight glycaemic control. Recent evidence obtained with the angiotensin receptor blockers has allowed the recognition by most guidelines that this class of agents constitutes the first choice to treat hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients presenting with diabetic renal disease at any stage of evolution, from microalbuminuria to advanced renal failure. Of course this must be accompanied by an integral coverture of the increased global cardiovascular risk that always accompanies this situation. This short review contains the most relevant evidence in favour of angiotensin receptor blockers, with particular emphasis on the capacities of candesartan for controlling blood pressure and protecting the kidney. In patients with type 2 diabetes and varying degrees of albuminuria, treatment with candesartan 8-32mg daily was shown to reduce urinary albumin excretion (UAE) by up to 60%. When given in addition to an ACE inhibitor (dual blockade), reductions in UAE of 25-35% relative to ACE inhibitor monotherapy have been found.
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PMID:Angiotensin receptor blockade in diabetic renal disease--focus on candesartan. 1733 65


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