Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0729233 (Thoracic)
 6,478 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tissue and cellular localization of IgE has been studied in normal rats and rats infested with the enteric parasite, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. The results of the study do not support the suggestion that IgE is a secretory immunoglobulin with a physiology analogous to that of IgA. The lamina propria of the small intestine and the colonic and pulmonary mucosal surfaces contain numerous anti-IgE-binding cells, but these have been shown to be mast cells and not plasma cells. The major sites of IgE synthesis were the regional lymph nodes of the small intestine and the lungs, which contained large numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells. Smaller numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells were also found in peripheral lymph nodes, some of which were distant from tissues known to have direct contact with either larvae or adult worms. Peyer's patches, the intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue and the spleen contained few, if any, IgE-secreting plasma cells. The significance of the IgE which was readily demonstrated in germinal centres of Peyer's patches and several lymph nodes is not known. In contrast to infested animals, the lymphoid organs of normal rats rarely contained any IgE-containing cells. Thoracic duct lymph from infested animals contained only few IgE-containing large lymphocytes, similar in number to cells containing IgM or IgG but only 1/50 as many as those containing IgA. An unexpected observation was that mast cells in mucosal organs appear to contain intracellular IgE, differing in this respect from connective tissue mast cells. Mast cells lying between epithelial cells, the 'globule leucocytes', also appear to contain intracellular IgE and it is suggested that such cells may be responsible for the presence of IgE in exocrine secretions. This study highlights the need for careful identification of cells appearing to contain IgE and suggests reasons for the widely differing reports of the numbers of IgE-secreting plasma cells in human intestinal biopsies.
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PMID:Sites of synthesis and localization of IgE in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. 34 21

Thoracic duct lymphocytes from previously immunized (AS2 x AS)F1 rats ('TDL) were adoptively transferred to syngeneic recipients and triggered by soluble HSA (s-HSA) the following day. The response of 'TDL in an irradiated recipient was almost two orders of magnitude greater than the response in a nonirradiated adult host. The affinity of the antibody in the adult recipients was significantly reduced but increased with time. Nonirradiated young recipients (3 weeks old) also supported an adoptive memory response which was comparable in quantity and quality to that found in irradiated hosts. The response of 'TDL declined progressively when transferred into 2-week-old or 4-week-old radiation chimeras, or was reduced in irradiated hosts when the memory cells were mixed together with nonimmune TDL. The experiments indicate that the differential response between the adult and irradiated recipient is the result of a restrictive control in the former host rather than an enhancing factor in the latter. Lymphocytes in the nonimmune population regulate both the expansion and maturation of the adoptive memory response, the high energy-binding B cells being at a selective disadvantage. Host irradiation effectively liberates the adoptive response from this cellular control mechanism. A comparative study of transferred, [14C]leucine-labeled TDL showed that distribution and homing of lymphocytes to lymph nodes and spleen was not altered by irradiating the recipients. However, adoptively transferred cells almost completely failed to recirculate in irradiated rats, in contrast to normal recipients. But, the injection of large numbers of unlabeled TDL following irradiation forced more labeled cells into the recirculating pool, suggesting that saturation of depleted lymphoid tissue with lymphocytes is an important factor regulating lymphocyte traffic. The relevance of this "saturation effect" in regulating the adoptive memory response is discussed.
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PMID:Changes in lymphocyte recirculation and liberation of the adoptive memory response from cellular regulation in irradiated recipients. 123 43

The possibility of obtaining useful scintigrams of secondary lymphoid organs after infusion of syngeneic lymphocytes labelled with technetium-99m (99mTc) was explored in a rat model. Thoracic duct lymphocyte (TDL) accumulation in various organs was measured with both 99mTc and 51Cr labelled cells, the latter processed with a method that has been shown not to damage lymphocytes. 99mTc labelled TDL did not localize properly in the lymph nodes and spleen. We could not visualize lymph nodes in scintigrams, neither could we demonstrate any difference between normal and hyperplastic spleens. Our conclusion is that radiation from the 99mTc label readily influences lymphocyte migration so that useful scintigraphy in rats and other small experimental animals becomes impossible. This was supported by results from culture experiments with 99mTc labelled, radiosensitive mouse haemopoietic progenitor cells. Theoretical considerations, including the calculations of lymphocyte self-irradiation and signal/noise ratios during scintigraphy of rat tissues, supported our conclusion that scintigraphy in small animals, to disclose the physiological migration of lymphocytes, may be impossible with the present sensitivity of gamma cameras.
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PMID:Migration of 99mTc-labelled syngeneic lymphocytes in the rat. Biological and theoretical models predict radiation damage and poor scintigraphic detectability. 227 51

Immigration of B lymphocytes into established germinal centers in the rat was studied by transferring genetically marked thoracic duct B cells to non-irradiated congenic hosts at various times between 3 days before and 6 days after host immunization. Seven days after host immunization, the distribution of donor B cells to lymph node germinal centers (relative to their distribution to non-germinal center lymph node areas) was measured by two-color flow cytometry in which (a) donor and host B cells were distinguished by their Ig kappa chain allotypes, and (b) germinal center B cells were distinguished by their lack of labeling with the monoclonal antibody HIS22. Thoracic duct B cells from long-term antigen-primed rats were found to immigrate into host germinal centers much better than B cells from unprimed donors. This effect was antigen specific: primed B cells only immigrated well into host germinal centers induced by the priming antigen. Although B cells localized in germinal centers most efficiently when injected before immunization, specifically primed donor B cells injected after immunization were still found to be at least as evenly distributed to germinal centers as to other lymph node areas, whereas unprimed B cells transferred after immunization localized poorly in host germinal centers. These findings are discussed in light of recent suggestions that memory B cell clones are maintained by continued antigenic stimulation within secondary lymphoid follicles.
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PMID:Immigration of thoracic duct B lymphocytes into established germinal centers in the rat. 230 78

Seven dogs with pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis were reviewed. The disease occurred in six large-breed and one small-breed dogs. The dogs were five to 14 years old (mean, 8.4; median, 7), and four of seven dogs were males. Three dogs had been previously treated with adulticide therapy for canine dirofilariasis. Clinical histories included a progressive respiratory disease characterized by varying degrees of cough, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and weight loss. Thoracic radiographic features included hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary masses of varying sizes, and mixed pulmonary patterns of lobar consolidation with ill-defined interstitial and alveolar pulmonary infiltrates. Cardiovascular changes compatible with chronic dirofilariasis were present in three dogs. The clinical course was usually progressive and fatal. The survival time ranged from six days to four years (mean, 12.5 mos; median, 3 mos). Gross and histologic features included mass lesions with areas of necrosis that replaced normal pulmonary architecture. Cytologically, these lesions were characterized by infiltration with pleomorphic, angioinvasive mononuclear cells that often resulted in vascular obliteration. The infiltrating cells resembled large lymphoid cells that possessed large hyperchromatic nuclei and small amounts of cytoplasm. Systemic lymphoid neoplasia with peripheral lymphadenopathy was diagnosed in two dogs. In both cases, lymph-node cytology was similar to the cellular infiltrates found in the lungs and consistent with a diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. These features are compared with previously reported cases of canine lymphomatoid granulomatosis and those features identified in a similar disease described in man.
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PMID:Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis in seven dogs (1976-1987). 236 26

The conventional agents (azathioprine and steroids) have been the mainstay or organ allograft immunosuppression for the past 20 years. The main drawback of the immunosuppressive agents at present in use is that they act nonspecifically with sequential general depression of the immune system. The introduction of cyclosporin, an undecapeptide of fungal origin, which selectively inhibits T-cell-dependent immuno-reaction has made a significant impact on organ allograft survival rates. Clinical application has been complicated because of renal or hepatotoxicity. Thoracic duct drainage is of historical interest but the use of antilymphocyte serum, despite its chequered history, has recently been shown to be safe and effective in cadaver kidney transplant recipients. There has also been a resurgence of interest in the use of total lymphoid irradiation as an immunosuppressive agent. The introduction of xenogenic monoclonal antibodies with anti-T-cell specificity opened a new era in clinical immunology and OKT3-PAN has emerged as a powerful major immunosuppressive agent with low toxicity.
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PMID:The application, mechanism of action and side-effects of immunosuppressive agents in clinical transplantation. 353 49

Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) from normal rats will restore a primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) in irradiated recipients and cause a graft-versus-host reaction in F(1) hybrid rats; lymphocytes from rats immunized with either tetanus toxoid or dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin (DNP BGG) will generate specific antibody after cell transfer and challenge. The ability of TDL to mediate each of these responses is severely depressed by giving a single intravenous dose of the specific antigen shortly before cannulation of the thoracic duct, although the lymphocyte donors themselves respond normally. The injection of antigen does not decrease the output of lymphocytes in the thoracic duct and the effect is specific for the antigen injected. The findings are most readily accounted for by assuming that small subpopulations of specific lymphocytes are selected from the recirculating pool by antigen which has localized in lymphoid tissue. The observation that passive antibody abolishes selection by SRBC supports this interpretation. The strong selection exerted by a subcutaneous injection of SRBC in Freund's complete adjuvant, which induces delayed hypersensitivity but little early antibody, suggests that a common cell type may be involved in the induction of both delayed hypersensitivity and antibody formation. The anti-DNP antibody response generated by TDL from rats immunized with DNP BGG was abolished by a selecting injection of the homologous conjugate. The response was depressed to a smaller degree by injections of either BGG or dinitrophenylated human serum albumin, suggesting that carrier-specific (T) and hapten-specific (B) lymphocytes could be separately selected from the recirculating pool. The regional selection of recirculating lymphocytes by antigen may explain a number of phenomena in which the prior injection of antigen has been found to inhibit a subsequent immune response.
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PMID:The specific selection of recirculating lymphocytes by antigen in normal and preimmunized rats. 411 30

These experiments show that small lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of rats are normally a mixture of thymus-derived and marrow-derived cells, and define the traffic areas in lymphoid tissues through which the two populations recirculate. Thoracic duct lymphocytes were labeled in vitro with uridine-(3)H and their histological distribution in the lymphoid tissues of normal recipients was demonstrated by radioautography. Labeled lymphocytes occupied two adjacent areas distinguished by a marked difference in the intensity of labeling; heavily labeled cells were found in thymus-dependent traffic areas of lymphocyte recirculation, while lightly labeled cells localized in the thymus-independent follicular areas around germinal centers. A corresponding heterogeneity of uridine uptake among small lymphocytes from normal donors was demonstrated by sedimentation at 1 g; slowly sedimenting cells incorporated little uridine and localized in follicular areas after transfusion while rapidly sedimenting cells incorporated more uridine and localized in thymus-dependent areas after transfusion. Experimentally prepared marrow-derived small lymphocytes behaved in sedimentation studies and after transfusion like a pure population of the lightly labeled small lymphocytes in normal lymph. Artificially reconstituted mixtures of marrow-derived and thymus-derived lymphocytes were qualitatively indistinguishable from normal lymphocyte populations.
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PMID:Identification of marrow-derived and thymus-derived small lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissue and thoracic duct lymph of normal rats. 506 72

Natural Killer (NK) cells constitute a cell type with an as yet undefined lineage, although certain similarities with T lymphocytes have been found in the mouse. Our present results show that NK cells have a significant difference compared with T and B cells in their capacity to traverse the blood-lymph barrier. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from mice or rats are thus devoid of NK activity, when at the same time potential, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function can be demonstrated. Chronic thoracic duct drainage in the rat also leads to an increase in NK activity per unit cell number in the other lymphoid organs. Thoracic duct lymphocytes from mice and rats may thus serve as convenient sources of CTL and/or killer cells in situations in which it is important to minimize NK cell involvement.
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PMID:Natural killer cells do not belong to the recirculating lymphocyte population. 617 52

Thoracic-duct cannulation of mesenteric lymphadenectomized (MLNx) congenitally athymic nude rats was studied as a method of obtaining peripheral lymph cells. A higher recovery of non-lymphoid cells (NLC) was obtained from nude than from euthmyic littermates. Both a higher percentage and a greater number of NLC were found in nude animals. Most of these cells resembled dendritic or veiled cells and were strongly positive for Ia antigens. This population could further be enriched by irradiation of the animal, but with a risk of cell damage. Splenectomy had no effect on early output of Ia+ NLC. A substantial population of lymphoid cells from MLNx nude rats expressed T-cell antigens defined by the monoclonal antibodies OX 19, OX 8 or W3/25. These cells were more radiosensitive than were mature T cells. In addition, a large population of cells in the peripheral lymph from nude rats did not display surface antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies directed either against B cells or against T cells. This cell fraction increased after irradiation. These cells resembled small lymphocytes but had a more irregular nucleus and multiple large granules.
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PMID:Recovery of peripheral lymph cells from congenitally athymic nude rats. 636 19


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