Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0729233 (Thoracic)
 6,478 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lung cancer is responsible for 40% mortalities from malignant diseases in man and exhibits an extremely infiltrating way of growing. It does not respect the lobes' or the organs' borders and spreads by blood system, lymph system and per continuitatem. According to its biological characteristics and response to treatments it may be divided in to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which also includes other histological types. Lung cancer treatment includes surgical treatment, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, the combination of the former three as well as symptomatic treatment. In this study, we analyzed 125 patients with lung cancer, that were hospitalized at the Clinic for Thoracic Surgery in KCU Sarajevo. The difference according to gender is statistically significant because we had 111 (88,8%) male patients in comparison with 14 (11,2%) female patients. The average age of male patients was 60,3 years while female patients were 61,9 years old on average. Thus, the difference in average age is not statistically significant. In diagnostic procedures: chest radiography was the most significant in peripheral lesions (60, 8%). CT of the thoracic organs has a statistical significance because the tumor changes were confirmed in 123 patients (98,4%). In bronchoscopy, we had 120 patients (96,0%). The number of patients with preformed lobectomy (63) is statistically significantly greater in the observed group (125) then the number of patients with other operative procedures preformed. From the postoperative complications we had exitus letalis 2 (1,6%), wound infection 19 (15,2%), and 104 without complications (83,2%). The results of testing the significance of differences according to the cancer types in non small cell lung cancer were planocellular, adenocarcinoma, and macrocellular. Comparing the preoperative staging and operative findings through stages we obtained to the following results: in stage ST0 the deviation was 16,7%, STIA the deviation was 40,1%, STIB the deviation was 16,1%, STIIA the deviation was 11,1%, STIIB the deviation was 12,5%, STIIIA the deviation was 33,33%, STIIIB the deviation was 33, 3%. From the overall number of patients, who were in preoperatively graded stage STIA, operative findings confirmed STIA, which makes the most important statistically significant difference. In 36 patients or 28,8% the status was changed in operative finding. In 89 patients preoperative status or 72,2% remained unchanged following the operation.
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PMID:Evaluation of the preoperative stage and operative findings in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. 1784 50

Small cell lung cancer accounts for approximately 15% of bronchogenic carcinomas. It is the cancer most commonly associated with various paraneoplastic syndromes, including the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Because of the high propensity of small cell lung cancer to metastasize early, surgery has a limited role as primary therapy. Although the disease is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation, cure is difficult to achieve. The combination of platinum and etoposide is the accepted standard chemotherapeutic regimen. It is also the accepted standard therapy in combination with thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) for limited-stage disease. Adding TRT increases absolute survival by approximately 5% over chemotherapy alone. Thoracic radiotherapy administered concurrently with chemotherapy is more efficacious than sequential therapy. Furthermore, the survival benefit is greater if TRT is given early rather than late in the course of chemotherapy. Regardless of disease stage, no relevant survival benefit results from increased chemotherapy dose intensity or dose density, altered mode of administration (eg, alternating or sequential administration) of various chemotherapeutic agents, or maintenance chemotherapy. Prophylactic cranial radiation prevents central nervous system recurrence and can improve survival. In Japan and some other Asian countries, the combination of irinotecan and cisplatin is the standard chemotherapeutic regimen. Clinical trials using thalidomide, gefitinib, imatinib, temsirolimus, and farnesyltransferase inhibitors have not shown clinical benefit. Other novel agents such as bevacizumab have shown promising early results and are being evaluated in larger trials.
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PMID:Small cell lung cancer. 1831 5

Combined modality therapy is the standard care for limited stage-small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC) and has led to a significant improvement in patients' survival. This study sought to investigate and define the importance of prognostic effects of known and controversial factors especially the impact of smoking status and treatment strategies. A total of 284 patients with LS-SCLC were diagnosed and prospectively followed from 1997 to 2008 at Mayo Clinic; their characteristics and survival outcome were assessed on the basis of age, gender, smoking history, performance status (PS), tumor recurrence or progression, and treatment using Cox proportional hazards models. Our main results are as follows: (1) Although neither smoking status (former or current smokers) nor intensity (pack-years smoked) at the time of SCLC diagnosis were significant survival predictors, compared to continued smokers (who never quit smoking), patients who quit at or after diagnosis cut the risk of death by 45% (HR=0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.79); patients who quit before lung cancer diagnosis also experienced survival benefit (HR=0.72, 95% CI 0.52-1.00). (2) Thoracic radiotherapy and platinum-based chemotherapy could significantly improve survival but the timing (within or after one month of diagnosis) of starting chemotherapy or radiation therapy did not. (3) After adjusting for other known factors, a lower PS did not predict poorer survival, suggesting that PS should not be the only factor for making treatment decisions. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the negative impact of continued cigarette smoking on survival; therefore, clinicians and all care providers should strongly encourage smoking cessation at diagnosis of LS-SCLC.
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PMID:Prognostic factors for limited-stage small cell lung cancer: a study of 284 patients. 1949 35

Thoracic irradiation is a major weapon in the treatment of nonmetastatic primary lung cancer, in particular in patients presenting a locally advanced disease of the mediastinium. Acute radiation pneumonitis (ARP) is one of the main limiting toxicities. The purpose of this work is to sum up the current state of knowledge of the factors of risk of developing ARP. The incidence after conventional irradiation, in patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is about 7 to 10% in the moderate although symptomatic forms of ARP and about 1 to 3% in the severe forms. The factors related to the patient, the tumour or treatments prior to the irradiation do not determine any specific risk of ARP besides an age of over 65 years that remains debatable. The validated predictive factors of ARP are mainly related to the irradiation factors (healthy lung volumes irradiated, average dose of irradiation, etc.). Nevertheless, in spite of the adjustment of these parameters, the individual susceptibility to the toxicity of thoracic radiotherapy remains significant, directing current research to the biological markers intrinsic to the patient. In particular, the involvement of early variations of certain cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TGF-ss) in the occurrence of ARP during irradiation has been suggested and studies are under way to confirm their involvement and determine their role.
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PMID:[Predictive factors for acute radiation pneumonitis]. 1952 9

Limited disease small cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, not only for its clinical behavior, but also for is anatomical extension. In very rare, early cases, LD-SCLC might be treated with surgery and chemotherapy, but as the overwhelming majority of patients present with locally advanced disease, the standard of care is concurrent chest radiotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide chemotherapy followed by prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). Newer chemotherapeutic drugs as well as targeted agents have not improved the outcome thus far. Given concurrently with chest irradiation, cisplatin combined with etoposide, administered every 21 days for 4-5 cycles have frequently been used. Thoracic radiotherapy should begin as early as possible during the first chemotherapy cycle. A total radiation dose of 45 Gy is recommended, delivered in a short overall treatment time (less than 4 weeks). Accelerated therapy increased absolute 5-year survival rates by 10% compared to longer treatment times, at the expense of an incidence of severe esophagitis of approximately 30%, which is reversible within a few weeks. Hematological complications and late pulmonary damage may occur, but is not more frequent than with less intensive schedules that impair long-term survival. Obviously, patient selection is crucial. Because after combined chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy, the remission status of the tumor is difficult to assess because of radiation-induced radiographic changes, patients that show no tumor progression are suitable for PCI. With this treatment, 5-year survival rates of 25% can be achieved in patients with LD-SCLC.
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PMID:Treatment of limited disease small cell lung cancer. 1995 4

Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive form of lung cancer with a poor prognosis. Most patients present with extensive stage of the disease. To reduce the high risk of brain metastases, prophylactic cranial irradiation has been shown to be very effective. Prophylactic cranial irradiation should now routinely be used for all patients who have responded to chemotherapy. Thoracic radiotherapy is often reserved for palliation. However, the high incidence of residual disease after chemotherapy and the reported beneficial effect of radiotherapy in a single study has led to two clinical trials which will soon open and address the question whether thoracic radiotherapy also has a role in responding patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer.
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PMID:Radiotherapy for extensive stage small cell lung cancer. 1995 6

Thoracic oncologists traditionally have made treatment decisions based upon tumor histology, distinguishing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) from small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, recent data has revealed that at least one histological subtype of NSCLC, lung adenocarcinoma comprises multiple molecularly distinct diseases. Lung adenocarcinoma subsets now can be defined by specific 'driver' mutations in genes encoding components of the EGFR signaling pathway. Importantly, these mutations have implications regarding targeted therapy. Here, we focus on EGFR mutant NSCLC-a prime example of a clinically relevant molecular subset of lung cancer, with defined mechanisms of drug sensitivity, primary drug resistance, and acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Efforts are now being made to overcome mechanisms of acquired resistance. These findings illustrate how knowledge about the genetic drivers of tumors can lead to rational targeted therapy for individual patients.
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PMID:EGFR mutant lung cancer. 2186 38

Thoracic radiotherapy provides a survival benefit in patients with limited-stage disease of small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC), but inclusion and exclusion of prophylactic irradiation of the supraclavicular area are still controversial. This study analyses the risk factors and characteristics of lymph node metastases in the supraclavicular area of LS-SCLC patients, which could help in developing a better radiotherapy for the patients. A total of 239 patients with LS-SCLC were included in this retrospective analysis. Clinical characteristics and mediastinal lymph node metastasis were analyzed for association with SCM, and the SCM pattern was further analyzed based on the treatment planning CT scans. The SCM incidence was 34.7 % (83 of 239). The multivariate analysis showed that only the mediastinal level 2 (OR = 16.101, P = 0.000) and level 3 (OR = 5.597, P = 0.000) lymph node metastases were significantly associated with SCM. As the most frequently involved region, supraclavicular level I lymph node metastases were identified in 61 of 83 patients (73.5 %), followed by level III, level IV, level V, and level II lymph node metastases, accounting a total of 95.2 % for level I and/or III lymph node metastases, whereas the incidence of skip metastasis was only 4.8 %. SCLC patients with mediastinal level 2 and level 3 lymph node metastasis were at high risk of SCM. If prophylactic irradiation therapy is considered, the nodal clinical target volume of irradiation should include bilateral lower para-recurrent laryngeal neural region (level I) and the para-internal jugular venous region (level III).
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PMID:Identification of risk factors and characteristics of supraclavicular lymph node metastasis in patients with small cell lung cancer. 2339 85

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) constitutes approximately 16% of all primary lung cancers, with more than 35,000 new cases per year. Two-thirds of patients present with extensive stage disease (ES-SCLC) due to a tendency to metastasize early. Outcomes remain poor, with a median survival of approximately 10 months and a two-year overall survival of <10%. Current recommendations call for combination chemotherapy alone in patients without localized symptoms. Thoracic radiation therapy following a good clinical response is controversial. We report on a patient with ES-SCLC that had an excellent response to chemotherapy and underwent whole brain radiotherapy for a known brain metastasis and consolidative radiotherapy to the thorax. His latest follow-up demonstrates only a stable residual pulmonary nodule and no evidence of active metastatic disease. ES-SCLC is a relatively common presentation with a variable burden of metastatic disease. In the absence of randomized trials demonstrating the efficacy of thoracic radiation therapy, the community radiation oncologist is placed in a difficult position when addressing these patients, particularly those with otherwise good performance status and a good response to initial systemic chemotherapy. More research in this area is sorely needed to help guide treatment recommendations.
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PMID:Aggressive Palliation in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer, Practice Guidelines versus Clinical Practice: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. 2631 31

Notch signaling in tumorigenesis functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor according to the type of malignancy. Numb represses intracellular Notch signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that Notch signaling suppresses the proliferation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. However, in SCLC, the association between Notch1 and Numb expression and clinicopathological factors or prognosis has remained unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Notch1 and Numb in SCLC. We immunohistochemically assessed 125 SCLCs that were surgically resected at 16 institutions participating in either the Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group Trial (HOT) or the Fukushima Investigative Group for Healing Thoracic Malignancy (FIGHT) between 2003 and 2013. Correlations between Notch1 or Numb expression and various clinicopathological features were evaluated. Notch1 expression was associated with ECOG performance status. Numb expression was associated with age, sex, and pathological histology (SCLC or Combined SCLC). Analysis of cellular biological expression did not demonstrate a significant correlation between the expression of Notch1 and of Numb. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high Notch1 expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor for SCLC(hazard ratio = 0.503, P = 0.023). High Notch1 expression, but not Numb expression, is associated with favorable prognosis in SCLC.
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PMID:Expression of Notch1 and Numb in small cell lung cancer. 2806 Jul 45


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