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Query: UMLS:C0728731 (prematurity)
 7,134 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To clarify the etiology of epileptic illnesses in children a detailed questionnaire was prepared, with questions on both genetic factors and the possibility of pre-, peri- and postnatal injury. The questionnaire was filled out by the parents of 422 epileptic children and those of 150 healthy control children of the same age. The differences were statistically calculated by means of the x2 test, small values being corrected according to Yates. Hereditary factors were found in 10.2% of all patients, ranging from 5.6% to 13.5% for the various seizure types (control group:0.6%). A high rate of hereditary afflictions was found even in those types of seizure which are considered predominantly symptomatic (salaam [West] or myoclonic-astatic convulsions: 13.5%, focal attacks: 11.2%). The significance of some exogenic factors, e.g. illnesses during pregnancy, prematurity, birth complications, was statistically confirmed in some instances for all types, in other instances only for certain types of seizure. As regards other factors, however, whose causative role has hitherto been considered proven or at least very probable, no differences were found between patients and controls (e.g. protracted labor, uterine inertia, coiling of the umbilical cord). Confirmation was found for the generally accepted rule that exogenic injuries are most often demonstrable in children with salaam or myoclonic-astatic convulsions and least often in those with absences. In conclusion, it is emphasized that an absolute dividing line can no longer be drawn between genetic and symptomatic epilepsies; in many cases the exogenic influence merely serves as a touching-off factor for a gentic epilepsy.
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PMID:[The etiology of epilepsies in children by considering the case histories in comparison with a control group (author's transl)]. 41 54

At the present time, essentially all known facts concerning cyclopia are consistent with some chromosomal disease, including clinical features of the pregnancy (fetal wastage, prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal age factor, complications of pregnancy), the generalized developmental abnormalities, specific ocular dysgenesis, by the high incidence of chromosomal abnormality already demonstrated, and the possibility of error in those cases of cyclopia with normal chromosomes. Even if chromosomal aberrations represent only one group of several different etiologic factors leading to cyclopia, at the present time chromosomal errors would seem to be the most common cause of cyclopia now recognized. Further studies will establish or disprove a chromosomal error in those instances which are now considered to be the result of an environmental factor alone or those with apparent familial patterns of inheritance. This apparent diverse origin of cyclopia can be clarified if future cyclopic specimens are carefully investigated. The evaluation should include a careful gross and microscopic examination of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of all organs, including the eye, and chromosome banding studies of at least two cyclopic tissues. Then the presence or absence of multiple causative factors can be better evaluated.
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PMID:Chromosomal abnormalities associated with cyclopia and synophthalmia. 41 47

The perinatal mortality associated with breech presentation at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, between 1974 and 1976 was 10.4%, or almost 5 times the overall hospital figure. Nine of 487 infants (1.8%) weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g died in the perinatal period, but 7 were already dead at the onset of labor or had congenital abnormalities incompatible with life. Sixty of 177 infants (33.9%) weighing 1000-2499 g died in the perinatal period, but 28 of these died due to prematurity alone or from complications of intrauterine hypoxia or birth trauma. Although elective cesarean section for breech presentation could not be justified for infants weighing greater than or equal to 2500 g, this procedure may well reduce the perinatal loss of premature infants by reducing the incidence of intrauterine hypoxia and preventing birth trauma.
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PMID:Perinatal mortality and morbidity in breech presentation. 41 64

Experiments were conducted on the placentae of 18 female Wistar rats. Alloxan diabetes was induced in prepubertal rats; in some of the animals diabetes was compensated by sulphanilamides before pregnancy. Histological examination of the placentae demonstrated that prematurity signs (the presence of cytotrophoblastic and giant cells in the labyrinth) and vascular affection were determined in the manifest alloxan diabetes. These changes were less pronounced in rats with compensated diabetes. It was demonstrated with the aid of contact microscope that, in comparison with the treated rats and control animals, rats with alloxan diabetes displayed in vivo a significant (p less than 0.001) increase of the number of vessels in the field of vision; it was also noted that in rats with alloxan diabetes and treated rats the vessels were tortuous.
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PMID:[Morphologic studies of the placenta in alloxan diabetes]. 41 90

To evaluate a perinatal risk-grouping system, 1 262 4-year-old children went through a comprehensive health examination. A total of 41.5% of the newborns were included in the wide criteria of risk, which were more common among boys and among children of the youngest and oldest mothers. Among the 4-year-old, the frequency of significant physical health problem was 15.8%, including 10.1% visual disturbances and 2% neurological disorders. In some combinations of risk groups and later health problems there were statistically significant correlations, e.g. regarding prematurity and cerebral irritation vs. cerebral palsy, but not sufficient to serve its purpose as a screening instrument. Even the accumulation of especially serious events in the perinatal period gave no clue to later neurological disorders. The addition of low socioeconomic status as a perinatal risk did not influence the outcome either. The reasons for the weak correlation between perinatal risk factors and later outcome of health disorders and handicaps are discussed, and it is concluded that to detect children with health problems, there seems to be no acceptable alternative to a comprehensive health surveillance as part of a general health service programme of all children, including clinical examinations and screening procedures by well trained personnel.
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PMID:Early detection of preschool health problems--role of perinatal risk factors. 41 91

Beyond the enhanced miscarriage and prematurity associated with the structurally abnormal uterus, we have found 14 examples of fetal deformation secondary to uterine malformation with its consequent uterine constraint. In several instances the constellation of deformations had been misinterpreted as a multiple malformation disorder. One patient died of pulmonary hypoplasia, but all the survivors showed restoration toward normal form postnatally. Recognition of the basic problem allows for surgical reconstruction of the uterus, which is generally accompanied by an improved outlook for subsequent pregnancies.
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PMID:Uterine malformation and fetal deformation. 42 19

A study of 79 twin pregnancies was conducted between 1973 and 1976 with particular reference to the use of ultrasound and hormone analysis. There were 17 perinatal deaths, a perinatal mortality rate of 107 per 1000 deliveries. The contributing factors were antepartum anoxia (40%), prematurity (30%), congenital abnormalities (18%), and obstetric trauma (12%). During the period of study there was a complete change in the method of confirming twin pregnancies, ie, in 1973, 84% were confirmed by x-ray and in 1976, 86% by ultrasound. About 40% were diagnosed at 28 weeks' gestation or earlier. The ranges (mean +/- 2 SD) for human placental lactogen (hPL) and urinary estrogens have been established for twin pregnancy, and the value of these measurements in the antenatal management of twin gestations is discussed.
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PMID:Use of ultrasound and hormone assays in the diagnosis, management, and outcome of twin pregnancy. 42 11

The use of a simple technique for multiplane echocardiographic analysis and study of the effect of arrhythmia enabled us to investigate the mechanism of premature opening of the aortic valve in two patients with subacute aortic insufficiency. In one patient, premature opening evolved with the development of left ventricular dilatation and failure. In this case the prematurity of opening in each beat was related to diastolic filling time and was accompanied by septal recoil and by premature closure of the mitral valve. We classified this as the diastolic duration-dependent subgroup. In the second patient, who had a hypertrophied, non-dilated left ventricle, premature opening depended on atrial contraction and was independent of diastolic filling time. This case defined an atrial contraction-dependent subgroup. In the light of these findings we analyzed previously reported cases in patients with acute severe aortic insufficiency. These patients appear to fall into the diastolic duration-dependent subgroup.
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PMID:Pathophysiologic observations on premature opening of the aortic valve utilizing a technique for multiplane echocardiographic analysis. 43 54

The cesarean section rate has been rising in California since 1965. In this article, we describe the trend in cesarean section rates in California from 1960 to 1975 in relation to maternal and infant variables. Approximately proportionate increases in cesarean section rates by infant birth weight and maternal race were found. Cesarean section rates for women under 20 years of age and for those of first parity have risen proportionately more than rates for other age and parity groups. We also found that cesarean section rates for births at gestational age's exceeding 42 weeks have risen proportionately more than rates for births at other gestational ages. Maternal mortality ratios associated with cesarean section were twice those associated with noncesarean births for the years 1973, 1974, and 1975. Possible explanations of the current cesarean section rate include an increase in indications for the procedure, use of the fetal monitor, and the current medical-legal climate. The potential problems that cesarean section may create for the mother and infant are higher rates of iatrogenic prematurity and respiratory distress and of maternal morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Cesarean section in California--1960 through 1975. 43 2

Since the first attempted repair in 1935, a total of 365 infants have undergone treatment for esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula. To evaluate the improvement in our results, we have divided our patients into four, approximately equal, time periods. The overall late survival has indeed improved during each of the four decades from between 36% and 53% to 68% in the last ten years. During this past decade, the group A risk infants (35 patients) had a 3% mortality, the group B (20 patients) had a 5% mortality, but the group C babies (22 patients) had a 41% mortality due to associated anomalies or severe prematurity. Anastomotic leaks and recurrent fistulas were each encountered in approximately 5% of the cases in all decades. Postoperative stricture has been encountered in 20% of the entire series and no esophageal replacements have been required.
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PMID:Esophageal atresia. A 41-year experience. 43 68


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