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Query: UMLS:C0728731 (prematurity)
 7,134 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years increasing experimental and clinical data have provided compelling evidence for the involvement of oxygen free radicals in the 3 main disorders of prematurity--chronic lung disease, retinopathy of prematurity and intraventricular haemorrhage. Infants born prior to 30 weeks gestation or weighing less than 1500 g at birth appear to be most at risk. They are very underdeveloped and as a consequence of the immaturity of their lungs often require intense respiratory support, including the provision of supplemental oxygen. The theoretical basis for free radical involvement in these disorders is that oxygen centred radicals and related reactive oxygen metabolites are formed too rapidly to be detoxified by the antioxidant defence mechanisms in specific tissues. In the case of chronic lung disease, the evidence currently favours excess oxygen (hyperoxia) as the cause of the greater oxygen free radical production, whereas in retinopathy of prematurity and intraventricular haemorrhage, it is proposed that low oxygen tensions (hypoxia) followed by periods of reoxygenation is the more likely stimulus for excess radical formation.
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PMID:Free radical disorders of preterm infants. 822 Oct 31

One hundred and seventy-seven infants of birth weight less than 1500 grams admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Mackay Memorial Hospital in 1987 were studied. The sex distribution, male to female ratio was 100:77, inborn 78 cases, outborn 99 cases. At one year follow-up, the mortality rate of these weighed between 500 gm and 799 gm was 100%, between 800 gm and 999 gm 54%, between 1000 gm and 1249 gm 17%, between 1250 gm and 1499 gm 19% respectively. The mortality rate of outborns was higher than that of inborns (X2 = 6.03, P < .05). The most common cause of mortality of these infants was intracranial hemorrhage, it accounts for 55% of the mortality. Seventy-three percent of the deceased cases expired during the first three hospitalization days. Of these 177 cases, 94 were put on respirator with IPPB initially, another 47 cases were on nasal CPAP. Only 36 cases didn't require respiratory therapy. Complications of the extreme prematurity and management including intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary hemorrhage, sepsis, pneumothorax, persistent pulmonary hypertension, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, electrolyte imbalance, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity were discussed. In order to improve survival and reduce complications of these extreme prematurity, advanced monitoring system, early detection and prevention of intracranial hemorrhage, establishment of the transport system are essential.
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PMID:[Clinical study of infants with birth weight less than 1500 grams]. 823 56

A report is given of retinopathy of prematurity findings in a Danish county (pop. 342,000) for birth years 1988-90. Out of 12,116 liveborn infants 200 were followed with eye controls during (at least) the first 3 months. In 135 gestational age and/or birth weight were below 32 weeks/1750 g. Twenty-five had ROP stage 1-2 with uneventful regression. Out of 5 with at least stage 3 ROP 2 had spontaneous regression. Three had cryotherapy; two acquired unilateral blindness, one myopia of prematurity. As part of an ongoing prospective investigation the visual results denote progress as compared to the serious results from the preceding 6 years (6 blind children). For 1982-90 the pooled ROP blindness rate amounted to 18.7/100,000 liveborn, a frequency only to be surpassed by the neighbouring Copenhagen area. Considering correct timing of cryotherapy close observation of small premature infants is recommended. At present our screening limits are 32 weeks gestational age/1750 g birth weight.
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PMID:Retinopathy of prematurity in Frederiksborg County 1988-1990. A prospective investigation, an update. 832 57

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains a nonpreventable disorder associated with extreme prematurity. Recent advances in establishing the International Classification of ROP have facilitated both clinical care and research, highlighted by the demonstration of the effectiveness of cryoablative therapy for vision-threatening ROP. For those individuals who have ROP, early and life-long ophthalmic follow-up is critical. This is true for those with any residual retinal scars that we now know can lead to later vision loss as well as those who require services for the visually impaired.
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PMID:Retinopathy of prematurity. 834 60

Surfactant administration for respiratory distress syndrome continues to make an impact on neonatal care as large controlled trials are published. Although considered safe, synthetic surfactant administration has been associated with a rare complication in the form of pulmonary hemorrhage. Despite this, significant benefits have been shown. With the approval by the FDA of two surfactant preparations, this treatment is now in widespread use. Although the mortality rate from respiratory distress syndrome and the number of ventilator days are generally decreased, surfactant effect on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia has been disappointing. Studies of steroid administration for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and steroid side effects have been published in the past year. Steroid use has become widespread for this condition, although many details of its administration and side effects have yet to be worked out. A new area of promise is the use of erythropoietin for anemia of prematurity. Natural historic data on the retinopathy of prematurity have added to our understanding of this condition and have raised new questions on its pathogenesis. Review articles and studies in the area of neonatal encephalopathy stress the need for a more accurate definition of asphyxia and discuss possible prenatal causes of this condition. An extensive review of neonatal jaundice and new recommendations for its treatment in healthy term newborns has been published but remains controversial.
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PMID:Care of the neonate. 842 28

The present study is the second report using the data of the epidemiological survey of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) obtained during the 2 year period 1986-1987 in Aichi Prefecture. To study ROP we have used birthweight and gestational age for estimation of infants' prematurity. These two parameters were found to have a very close relation with the incidence of ROP. Although gestational age is close to the embryonic age, birthweight is greatly influenced by intrauterine environmental factors. To confirm the importance of using birthweight, the relationship between the incidence of ROP and the influence of intrauterine environmental factors must be close. Using data on 1,887 premature infants, the mean and standard deviation of birthweight in each gestational weeks were calculated. Deviation of birthweight was considered to reflect the influence of intrauterine environmental factors and was evaluated by comparing the birthweight of a baby with the mean birthweight for the same number of gestational weeks. The incidence of ROP had no close relationship with the deviation of birthweight at each gestational age. Therefore, it was concluded that the influence of the modifying factors of birthweight had not any close relation with the incidence of ROP. At present we should use gestational age as the best scale to estimate infants' prematurity to predict ROP.
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PMID:[What is the present best scale to estimate infants' prematurity to predict retinopathy of prematurity? Aichi Retinopathy Study Group]. 843 28

In any discussion of the eye problems of the premature retinopathy of prematurity is today the major problem. Four areas where progress is needed suggest themselves. Further work needs to be done on the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP), particularly with regard to Zone 2 disease where 75% of the disease is concentrated. Treatment of Zone 1 disease is the next important area in terms of its outcome and the critical question of whether to use cryotherapy or laser. The third area which needs open discussion is the problem of screening prematures in excess of 1250 g birth weight and 32 weeks gestational age. In the United States, this constitutes hundreds of thousands of infants and is well beyond the capabilities of the ophthalmic community interested and knowledgeable in the techniques of examining these premature eyes. Finally, the other important area is the striking difference between the infant of today and the infant of the previous 'epidemic' of the forties and fifties.
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PMID:Retinopathy of prematurity: perspective for the nineties. 857 79

A discussion of myopia of prematurity is based on 16 low-birth weight children now aged 3-9 years. During their first months after delivery, retinopathy of prematurity had been observed in all but one subjects-here possibly missed due to incomplete control. Two subjects had cryotherapy. Two eyes out of 32 got blind; another 4 eyes became weak-sighted. The primary aim of the longitudinal study was to describe the variation in-and the course of-refraction, as apparent from serial examinations, the natural history so to say, to add new facets to our concept of myopia of prematurity and possibly to identify subgroups. Transient and fluctuating myopia being physiological in the first postnatal months, the diagnosis "myopia of prematurity' should not be forwarded too early. Some cases of early myopia which did not regress as usual over the first 6 months, later showed a reduction in degree of myopia over 1-2 years. Others pertained to the classical description of a stationary myopia, often of high degree, diagnosed in early childhood. Even in the favourable tail of the present distribution corrected visual acuity appeared subnormal according to age norms.
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PMID:Myopia of prematurity, clinical patterns. A follow-up of Danish children now aged 3-9 years. 875 Nov 17

Refractive findings are reported in a follow-up study comprising 88 children aged 7-10 years, who were submitted to regular control for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in the first months after their pre-term delivery 1982-84 (mean birthweight 1467 g, mean gestational age 31 weeks). The refractive range was -13 to +6.75 D. In four subjects with fully-blown ROP both eyes were left blind and dysmorphic. Twenty-four had had ROP with regression; myopia of prematurity (MOP) appeared in six (25%). At follow-up the myopia frequency in the remaining 60 without ROP was 5%. Out of the 9 subjects with uni- or bilateral myopia of prematurity three had no evidence of early ROP. With a median corrected acuity of 0.5 only, the eyes with MOP had a lower corrected visual score than in the rest of the material (median monocular acuity 0.9). The latter value is even a little lower than what was previously reported in full-terms of a similar age (median acuity above 1.0). Obviously, as a sequel to the pre-term delivery we are dealing not only with early myopia in some subjects; further, the potential for developing full vision appears influenced and reduced. This applies to the total group of ex-prematures, but in particular it is valid for myopia of prematurity.
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PMID:Pre-term delivery and subsequent ocular development. A 7-10 year follow-up of children screened 1982-84 for ROP. 3) Refraction. Myopia of prematurity. 882 31

Eighty-eight children of pre-term delivery 1982-84 (mean birthweight 1467 g, mean gestational age 31 weeks) with regular early control for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) had ophthalmic follow-up at the age of 7-10 years. Bilateral blindness appeared in four out of the 28 in the regional survey who had ROP. In the remaining 60 there had been no ROP. In this article focus is on various size parameters, general (height, weight, head circumference, interpupillary distance) and ophthalmic (corneal transversal diameter and curvature radius, axial eye measurements by ultrasound). Comparing with available standards the group average for height was 2-3 cm below the norm for age. With regard to +/- ROP, growth parameters had lower values in the subgroup with ROP. Oculometrically, there was a more curved cornea and a shorter axial length than expected from refractive value. The average values for emmetropia (n = 23) and for myopia of prematurity (6 eyes) were: refraction + 0.54 D and -7.8 D, Crad 7.58 and 7.47 mm, and axial length 22.93 and 25.3 mm, respectively.
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PMID:Pre-term delivery and subsequent ocular development. A 7-10 year follow-up of children screened 1982-84 for ROP. 4) Oculometric - and other metric considerations. 882 32


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