Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Matrilysin (MMP-7) is the smallest member of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. It is frequently expressed in various types of cancer including colon, stomach, prostate, and brain cancers. Previous studies have suggested that matrilysin plays important roles in the progression and metastasis of colon cancer. Recently, we have examined the effects of a matrilysin-specific antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxyribonucleotide on in vitro invasion and liver metastasis in nude mice of two human colon carcinoma cell lines (CaR-1 and WiDr). In culture, the antisense oligonucleotide effectively inhibited both the secretion of matrilysin by CaR-1 cells and their in vitro invasion through a reconstituted basement membrane. In a nude mouse model, the antisense oligonucleotide potently suppressed the experimental liver metastasis of WiDr cells from the spleen. These results suggest that matrilysin has an important role in the liver metastasis of human colon cancer and that matrilysin antisense oligonucleotides have therapeutic potential for the prevention of metastasis.
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PMID:Matrilysin as a target for chemotherapy for colon cancer: use of antisense oligonucleotides as antimetastatic agents. 1035 59

The positive impact on survival of traditional chemotherapeutic agents has renewed interest in developing newer cytotoxic agents and orally active compounds with improved therapeutic indices. In addition, new insights into the pathways of human tumorigenesis have led to novel approaches aimed at specific mechanism-based targets. The taxane class, of which paclitaxel was the first member, has the unique ability to promote and stabilize microtubule function directly, thereby inhibiting mitotic progression and inducing apoptotic cell death. Paclitaxel provides treatment benefit in a broad range of solid tumors including breast, ovarian, and lung cancer. The success with paclitaxel stimulated interest in the microtubule as a new therapeutic target. Taxane analogues with improved preclinical efficacy have been identified and are entering clinical trials. The enthusiasm for oral anticancer agents and the therapeutic importance of platinum compounds has led to the development of JM216 (satraplatin), a novel platinum IV coordination complex with oral activity in cisplatin-resistant cell lines, which is now in phase III trials in prostate cancer. Another compound in late development is DPPE, a chemopotentiator that enhances the in vivo antitumor effects of cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin. Agents that inhibit topoisomerase I and II have also been of interest. TAS-103 is a dual topoisomerase I and II inhibitor with preclinical efficacy in a broad spectrum of tumors and in multidrug-resistant tumor cell lines. Vaccination strategies represent a rational therapeutic approach in the minimal residual disease or high-risk adjuvant therapy setting. The GMK and MGV vaccines utilizing ganglioside antigens overexpressed on human tumors such as melanoma and small cell lung cancer appear to induce antibody production reliably at tolerable doses and are under further clinical investigation. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is another attractive target for intervention in several aspects of tumor progression. Local production of MMPs with subsequent degradation of the extracellular matrix is implicated in supporting tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. The development of orally active, nontoxic MMP inhibitors is critical since these compounds will likely require chronic administration in conjunction with other therapies. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are appealing targets for therapy since they are thought to be responsible for a significant number of cancers. Mutations in the Ras oncogene occur with great frequency in a number of human cancers including lung, pancreas, and colon cancer. Clinical development of potent and selective inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, the Ras-processing enzyme, is ongoing. These compounds uncouple Ras activity, affect tumor growth, and have demonstrated significant antitumor activity against experimental models of human cancer. The exciting compounds and novel therapeutic approaches currently under investigation by Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute offer great potential as effective cancer chemotherapy agents for the near future.
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PMID:Promising new developments in cancer chemotherapy. 1035 61

Matrilysin is a matrix metalloproteinase expressed in the tumor cells of greater than 80% of intestinal adenomas. The majority of these intestinal tumors are associated with the accumulation of beta-catenin, a component of the cadherin adhesion complex and, through its association with the T Cell Factor (Tcf) DNA binding proteins, a regulator in the Wnt signal transduction pathway. In murine intestinal tumors, matrilysin transcripts show striking overlap with the accumulation of beta-catenin protein. The matrilysin promoter is upregulated as much as 12-fold by beta-catenin in colon tumor cell lines in a manner inversely proportional to the endogenous levels of beta-catenin/Tcf complex and is dependent upon a single optimal Tcf-4 recognition site. Coexpression of the E-cadherin cytoplasmic domain blocked this induction and reduced basal promoter activity in every colon cancer cell line tested. Inactivation of the Tcf binding site increased promoter activity and overexpression of the Tcf factor, LEF-1, significantly downregulated matrilysin promoter activity, suggesting that beta-catenin transactivates the matrilysin promoter by virtue of its ability to abrogate Tcf-mediated repression. Because genetic ablation of matrilysin decreases tumor formation in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, we propose that regulation of matrilysin production by beta-catenin accumulation is a contributing factor to intestinal tumorigenesis.
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PMID:The metalloproteinase matrilysin is a target of beta-catenin transactivation in intestinal tumors. 1036 59

The anti-metastatic efficacy and safety of a newly-developed matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor were examined. MMI-166, a N-sulfonylamino acid derivative, inhibited the enzyme activity of MMP-2, 9, and 14 but not MMP-1, 3 or 7. Daily oral administration of MMI-166 resulted in potent inhibition of metastatic lung colonization of Lewis lung carcinoma injected via the tail vein and liver metastasis of C-1H human colon cancer implanted into the spleen at inhibition levels of 43% and 63%, respectively. Daily administration of MMI-166 also resulted in prolonged survival of mice given intraperitoneal implantation of Ma44 human lung cancer cells. The anti-metastatic activity of MMI-166 was as effective as that of other MMP inhibitors with broad inhibitory spectrum. MMI-166 did not affect in vitro tumor cell growth. Neither body weight losses nor hematotoxicity was observed during long-term treatment, indicating the safety of MMI-166 in mice. These results indicate that the selective MMP inhibitor MMI-166 has therapeutic potential as an anti-metastasis agent.
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PMID:Anti-metastatic efficacy and safety of MMI-166, a selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. 1120 40

TIMP-2 is a natural matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor that prevents the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins. It abolishes the hydrolytic activity of all activated members of the metalloproteinase family and in particular that of MT1-MMP, MMP-2, and MMP-9, which are selective for type IV collagenolysis. Since MMPs have been implicated in both cancer progression and angiogenesis, we generated a recombinant adenovirus to deliver human TIMP-2 (AdTIMP-2) and evaluated its anticancer efficiency in three murine models. Our results demonstrated that overexpression in vitro of TIMP-2 inhibited the invasion of both tumor and endothelial cells without affecting cell proliferation. Its in vivo efficiency has been evaluated in murine lung cancer LLC, and colon cancer C51 in syngeneic mice as well as in human breast cancer MDA-MB231 in athymic mice. Preinfection of tumor cells by AdTIMP-2 resulted in an inhibition of tumor establishment in more than 50% of mice in LLC and C51 models and in 100% mice in the MDA-MB231 model. A single local injection of AdTIMP-2 into preestablished tumors of these three types significantly reduced tumor growth rates by 60--80% and tumor-associated angiogenesis index by 25--75%. Lung metastasis of LLC tumor was inhibited by >90%. In addition, AdTIMP-2-treated mice showed a significantly prolonged survival in all the cancer models tested. These data demonstrate the potential of adenovirus-mediated TIMP-2 therapy in cancer treatment.
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PMID:AdTIMP-2 inhibits tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and prolongs survival in mice. 1126 84

The purpose of this study was to determine whether systemic administration of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) can inhibit liver metastasis produced in nude mice by human colon cancer cells. KM12L4 (IFN-alpha-sensitive) or KM12L4 IFN(R) (IFN-alpha-resistant) cells were injected into the spleen of nude mice. Seven days later, the mice were treated with subcutaneous (s.c.) injections of IFN-alpha (70,000 units/week) at different dosing schedules (1, 2, or 7 times/week). Significant inhibition of tumor growth, vascularization and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA and protein occurred in mice given daily injections of IFN-alpha. Kinetic analysis of therapy showed that daily s.c. administrations of 10,000 units of IFN-alpha induced apoptosis in liver metastasis-associated endothelial cells, followed by inhibition of tumor cell division and apoptosis of tumor cells. These data suggest that the antiangiogenic activity of IFN-alpha-2a depends on frequent administration of the optimal biologic dose.
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PMID:Suppression of angiogenesis and therapy of human colon cancer liver metastasis by systemic administration of interferon-alpha. 1142 Jul 51

Several synthetic inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) show antitumor, antimetastasis and antiangiogenesis effects in various models. Synergistic effects of combinations with conventional cytotoxic agents were reported previously. In this study, we examined the effects of a new selective MMP inhibitor, MMI-166, on tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in a liver metastatic model of human xenotransplanted colon cancer (TK-4). We also investigated the synergistic effects of MMI-166 and a conventional cytotoxic agent, mitomycin C (MMC), in this model. Mice transplanted orthotopically with TK-4 were divided into 4 groups; a control group (treated with vehicle solution), an MMI-166 group in which MMI-166 was orally administered (p.o.) at a dose of 200 mg / kg, 6 days / week for 5 weeks, an MMC group in which MMC was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a dose of 2 mg / kg / week for 5 weeks, and a combination group (treated with MMI-166 and MMC). MMI-166 did not inhibit transplanted tumor growth, but significantly inhibited liver metastasis compared with the control group and MMC group (P < 0.01). Significant antitumor and antimetastatic effects of the combination therapy were demonstrated. The microvessel density (MVD) detected by immunohistochemical staining with ER-MP12 antibody tended to be lower in the MMI-166 and the combination groups. These results suggest that MMI-166 has potential antimetastatic ability and a synergistic effect with MMC.
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PMID:Effect of combination therapy with matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI-166 and mitomycin C on the growth and liver metastasis of human colon cancer. 1142 59

High intakes of dietary fiber or resistant starches have been associated with a lower incidence of colon cancers. Because short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyrate are produced in the colonic lumen by the bacterial fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starches, we hypothesized that SCFA may inhibit the development of invasive human colon cancers. To test this hypothesis, primary human invasive colonocytes were isolated from fresh surgical specimens and treated with 0.01 mol/L acetate, propionate or butyrate; cell invasion, cell adhesion, F-actin polymerization, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2 and mutant p53, Bcl-2, Bax, p21 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) protein expression levels were examined. Although each of the SCFA tested significantly reduced primary cell invasion, butyrate was the most potent, inhibiting primary invasive human colon cancer invasion by 54% (P < 0.0001). The effects of SCFA on primary cell invasion appeared to be independent of cell adhesion and F-actin polymerization but dependent on the inhibition of uPA (P < 0.05) and the stimulation of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 activities (P < 0.05). Protein expression levels of mutant p53, p21, Bax, Bcl-2 and PCNA were significantly altered by each of the SCFA tested (P < 0.05). These data indicate that SCFA inhibit invasive human colon cancer by modulating proteolytic uPA and antiproteolytic TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 activities, but their mechanisms of action on tumor suppression, apoptosis and growth arrest may differ.
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PMID:Short-chain fatty acids inhibit invasive human colon cancer by modulating uPA, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, mutant p53, Bcl-2, Bax, p21 and PCNA protein expression in an in vitro cell culture model. 1169 45

MMI-166 is a selective inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Mice implanted a human colon cancer orthotopically received 200 mg/kg of MMI-166 orally for 5 weeks. Gelatin zymography demonstrated that the administration of MMI-166 remarkably decreased the active MMP-2 expression. Histological examination revealed that MMI-166 showed prominent effect on reduction of the invasive feature of the cancer cells and showed inhibitory effect on tumor vasculature, resulting in the significant decrease of microvessel density of the implanted tumor and liver metastasis compared with the control group. Conclusively, MMI-166 is a potent antiangiogenic oral agent for a human colon cancer.
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PMID:Prevention of liver metastasis of human colon cancer by selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI-166. 1173 35

Matrilysin, a member of matrix metalloproteinase family, is believed to play a significant role in the growth and proliferation of colon cancer cells. Overexpression of the matrilysin gene has been shown to correlate with Dukes' stage and increased metastatic potential in colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of preoperative high-dose radiotherapy (25 Gy in five fractions over 5 days) on matrilysin (MMP-7) gene expression, in patients with resectable rectal cancer, by a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Biopsy samples of tumour (n=30) and distant normal mucosa (n=12) from 15 patients were obtained pre- and post-radiotherapy. Messenger (m)RNA was extracted from all of the tissue samples and reverse transcribed to double-stranded cDNA. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to study the effect of preoperative radiotherapy on matrilysin gene expression in both the tumour and normal mucosal specimens. Matrilysin mRNA values were expressed relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) for each sample. In 14 out of 15 cases, matrilysin mRNA was detected in the cancerous tissue. Although all six normal mucosal specimens expressed matrilysin mRNA, the levels were approximately 10-fold lower compared with those seen in the paired tumour samples. Preoperative radiotherapy led to a significant 6- to 7-fold increase (P=0.001) in the expression of matrilysin mRNA in rectal cancer tissue. In contrast, there was no significant change in the matrilysin mRNA expression of normal mucosal specimens post-radiotherapy. Preoperative high-dose radiotherapy upregulates matrilysin gene expression in rectal cancer. Matrilysin inhibition may be a useful preventive or therapeutic adjunct to radiotherapy in rectal cancer.
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PMID:Effect of preoperative radiotherapy on matrilysin gene expression in rectal cancer. 1187 42


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