Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the first part our intention was, essentially, to present the particularities of glucose tumoral cells metabolism, PET components, the synthesis of 18F FDG and the detection of unknown cancers. This second part makes reference about mainly types of tumors who benefit by FDG-PET indications. Clinical PET has a rapid growth because of its use in cancer diagnosis and management. According with published studies all over the world, the sensibility and specificity of FDG-PET, noninvasive method, is higher than that of the conventional methods like CT, IRM, ultrasonography. PET is en excellent detection method of most of common cancer types and depends not on the histological neoplasm type; the more aggressive is the tumor, more it will uptake the radiotracer. The cost is significant, so the indications must be very precise: evaluating the malignity of solitary pulmonary nodules, evaluating the recurrences of melanoma, colon cancer diagnosis, differentiation between recurrent brain tumor and radiation injury, differential diagnosis of the benign lymph and malign lymph nodes, staging of Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, evaluation the response to therapy. Because the PET images are difficult to interpret, appears the necessity of correlation with anatomic images: this was the fusion images beginnings (the PET and CT images combination); now the physiologic information has precise anatomic localization. The growing of this method is very probably, both using 18F FDG -thanks to its highly favorable physical characteristics- and other new radiopharmaceuticals. The clinical cases that illustrate the applications are investigated at CERMEP, Lyon, France.
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PMID:[18F FDG PET-Applications in Oncology]. 1263 54

Geographic patterns of cancer mortality can often provide clues for public health professionals to identify high-risk areas where limited resources can be directed to conduct cancer epidemiological studies or improve health services related to cancer prevention and treatment. From spatial cluster analyses of mortality cases from 16 specific cancers in Texas over the period from 1990 to 1997, geographic patterns of cancer mortality clusters in Texas were identified. The results suggest that Texas citizens would benefit if cancer epidemiology studies and cancer prevention and treatment practices in Texas would target counties in Southeast Texas for mortality related to lung and bronchial cancer, female breast cancer, colon cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; target counties in East (particularly Northeast) Texas for mortality from lung and bronchial cancer, pancreatic cancer, cancer of the brain and other nervous systems, and liver cancer; examine colon cancer mortality in Kaufman County; pay particular attention to mortality from liver cancer in San Antonio and the counties south of San Antonio; direct extra efforts to prostate cancer in the Dallas-Fort Worth area; and investigate the unusually high mortality rate of cervical cancer in Crockett County.
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PMID:Geographic patterns of cancer mortality clusters in Texas, 1990 to 1997. 1296 49

Pretarget radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a multistep strategy for cancer therapy designed to reduce nontarget organ exposure by uncoupling the tumor targeting moiety from the radioactive ligand. Using this approach, we and others have demonstrated objective responses to therapy among patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with less hematological toxicity than is typically seen at equivalent doses of conventional RIT in the same patient population. In the present study, we show that combination therapy with gemcitabine (200 mg/kg on days -1 and +1) and Pretarget RIT (400 micro Ci (90)Y-labeled DOTA-biotin on day +1) is superior to Pretarget monotherapy (400 or 800 micro Ci (90)Y) as well as to gemcitabine monotherapy in nude mice bearing established human LS174T colon cancer xenografts. For the targeting moiety, we used a murine anti-TAG-72 (CC49) single-chain Fv-streptavidin (scFvSA) fusion protein that has been shown to be safe and well-tolerated in humans. The median number of days to tumor volume doubling in the gemcitabine-only studies (200 mg/kg) was 10.4 +/- 5.5 days; in the Pretarget 400 micro Ci dose-only studies, tumor doubling time was 6.7 +/- 4.9 days; and in combination therapy studies, it was 23.9 +/- 7.2 days (P </= 0.0001 versus Pretarget or gemcitabine monotherapy). There were no consistently significant differences among the two monotherapy regimens and the combination therapy regimen with respect to peripheral blood cell counts, nor were there significant differences in bone marrow colony-forming activity among the three treatment groups. These data indicate that gemcitabine can be combined with Pretarget RIT to increase antitumor response, without increasing hematological toxicity, in a murine xenograft model.
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PMID:Combination therapy with Pretarget CC49 radioimmunotherapy and gemcitabine prolongs tumor doubling time in a murine xenograft model of colon cancer more effectively than either monotherapy. 1450 63

We used the nation-wide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to analyse cancer risks in men who had had children with more than one woman. Cancer cases were retrieved from the Swedish Cancer Registry from years 1961-1998. A total of 2.9 million men and 298,134 cancer cases were covered. For men having children with two, three or more women, increasing risk trends were shown for upper aerodigestive tract, lung, urinary bladder and oesophageal cancers. Decreasing trends were observed for tumours of the colon, skin (squamous cell and melanoma), nervous system and endocrine glands and against myeloma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The present results indicated that men who had had children with multiple women showed an excess of smoking- and alcohol consumption-related cancers. The decreased risks for colon cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and melanoma were possibly related to lifestyle factors connected with economic deprivation, less obesity and physical fitness. These ill-defined protected factors may be a challenge to epidemiological studies.
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PMID:Cancer risks in men who had children with different partners from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. 1451 98

Survival of patients aged 15-24 years, diagnosed with cancer during the period of 1990-1994, is described within Europe. Data on 15101 patients, extracted from the files of the 56 adult cancer registries included in the EUROCARE-3 database, representing 20 European countries, were analysed and compared. Five-year survival for 'all cancers combined' was 75% in males (ranging from 59% in Estonia to 89% in Iceland), and 78% in females (ranging from 59% in Estonia to 89% in Norway). The Northern European countries (except Denmark) and Austria had the highest survival figures, while survival in the Eastern European countries was lower than the European average. Denmark, UK, and the pool of the central European countries, had intermediate survival figures. Haemopoietic tumours were the most common malignancies: 5-year survival was high for Hodgkin's disease (89%), intermediate for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (68%) and lower for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (47%) and acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) (39%). Five-year survival for gonadal germ cell cancers, the second most common malignancy in young adults, was 90%. Five-year survival for the other cancers under consideration was as follows: 89% for skin melanoma, 66% for all Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours, 57% for bone tumours, 58% for osteosarcoma, 42% for Ewing's sarcoma, 57% for soft-tissue sarcomas, 99% for thyroid carcinoma, 82% for uterine cervical carcinoma, and 83% for ovarian carcinoma. For more 'adult-specific tumours', 5-year survival was good for colon (77%) and lung (60%) cancers, and less favourable, compared with adults, for breast cancer (68%). Adolescents (15-19 years) had significantly worse survival than young adults (20-24 years) for all malignancies combined. Survival for Hodgkin's lymphoma, CNS tumours, melanoma and colon cancer showed marked regional variability. Since many of the tumours occurring in young adults are curable, these results should encourage, without delay, efforts to identify obstacles to improving outcome and reducing geographical inequalities in survival for this group of patients.
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PMID:Cancer survival in European adolescents and young adults. 1464 22

Simian virus 40 (SV40) was an accidental contaminant of vaccines produced in monkey kidney tissue cultures in the 1950s and early 1960s, including a parenteral adenovirus vaccine given to several hundred thousand US military recruits. Detection of SV40 DNA in tumor tissues by some laboratories suggests that SV40 contributes to human cancers. To determine if entry into US Army service during periods of administration of SV40-contaminated adenovirus vaccine was associated with an increased risk of cancer, the authors conducted a case-control study of cancer occurring in male Army veterans who entered service in 1959-1961. Cases of brain tumors (n = 181), mesothelioma (n = 10), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 220) were identified through a Veterans Administration hospital discharge database, as were colon cancer and lung cancer controls (n = 221). Exposure to adenovirus vaccine was assigned on the basis of known periods of adenovirus vaccine administration and dates of Army entry obtained for cancer cases and controls. The odds ratios associated with exposure to SV40-contaminated adenovirus vaccine were 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 1.24) for brain tumors, 1.41 (95% CI: 0.39, 5.15) for mesothelioma, and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.44) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These findings do not support a role for SV40 in the development of these cancers.
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PMID:Case-control study of cancer among US Army veterans exposed to simian virus 40-contaminated adenovirus vaccine. 1528 16

This large population-based study focuses on the prognostic role of increasing age and co-morbidity in cancer patients diagnosed in the southern Netherlands. Data of patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2002 and recorded in the population-based Eindhoven Cancer Registry were used. Older patients (with serious co-morbidity) with non-small cell lung cancer or prostate cancer underwent surgery less often than younger patients. Elderly with stage III colon cancer, small cell lung cancer, FIGO II or III ovarian cancer or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) received (adjuvant) chemotherapy less often, probably because of the higher rate of haematological complications. Administration of adjuvant radiotherapy decreased with age and co-morbidity in patients with rectal cancer, limited small cell lung cancer or breast cancer. In general, elderly did not suffer from more complications than younger patients, except for cardiac complications (colorectal cancer and NHL) and postoperative death (non-small cell lung cancer). For most tumours relative survival was lower for the elderly, except for patients with colon cancer, prostate cancer or indolent NHL. Co-morbidity had an independent prognostic effect, except for tumours with a very poor prognosis. Future prospective studies should investigate whether the guidelines for cancer treatment should be adjusted for elderly with serious co-morbidity.
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PMID:Prognostic impact of increasing age and co-morbidity in cancer patients: a population-based approach. 1597 90

Persons over the age of 65 are the fastest growing segment of the United States population. In the next 30 years, they will comprise over 20 percent of the population. Fifty percent of all cancers occur in this age group and, therefore, there will be an expected rise in the total cancer burden. Data is becoming available that will better guide the use of chemotherapy in the older patient population. Information regarding age-related physiologic changes are presented with their relationship to pharmacology, functional status, and hematopoiesis. Treatments are reviewed in regard to the adjuvant treatment of breast and colon cancer as well as primary therapy of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The treatment of more advanced breast, ovary and non-small cell lung cancer also are discussed.
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PMID:Treatment of elderly cancer patients with chemotherapy. 1620 62

Vitamin D from ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance, food, and supplements is receiving increased attention lately for its role in maintaining optimal health. Although the calcemic effects of vitamin D have been known for about a century, the non-calcemic effects have been studied intently only during the past two-three decades. The strongest links to the beneficial roles of UVB and vitamin D to date are for bone and muscle conditions and diseases. There is also a preponderance of evidence from a variety of studies that vitamin D reduces the risk of colon cancer, with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >33 ng/mL (82 nmol/L) associated with a 50% lower incidence of colorectal cancer. There is also reasonable evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. There is weaker, primarily ecologic, evidence for the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of an additional dozen types of cancer. There is reasonably strong ecologic and case-control evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases including such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and weaker evidence for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and stroke. It is noted that mechanisms whereby vitamin D exerts its effect are generally well understood for the various conditions and diseases discussed here.
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PMID:Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. 1654 42

Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have had a significant impact in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab's development as an anti-CD20 antibody heralded a new era in treatment approaches for NHL. While rituximab was first shown to be effective in the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma, it is now standard monotherapy for front-line treatment of follicular lymphoma, and is also used in conjunction with chemotherapy for other indolent, intermediate and aggressive B-cell lymphomas. The development of rituximab has led to intense interest in this type of therapeutic approach and to development and approval of the radioimmunoconjugates of rituximab, (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and (131)I-tositumomab, which have added to the repertoire of treatments for relapsed follicular lymphoma and increased interest in developing other conjugated antibodies. Since rituximab is a chimeric antibody, there is a need to develop fully humanised antibodies, such as IMMU-106 (hA20), in order to minimise infusion reactions and eliminate the development of human antibodies against the drug. Further clinical evaluation of antibodies has been based largely on our knowledge of antigen expression on the surface of lymphoma cells and has led to the development of antibodies against CD22 (unconjugated epratuzumab and calicheamicin conjugated CMC-544 [inotuzumab ozogamicin]), CD80 (galiximab), CD52 (alemtuzumab), CD2 (MEDI-507 [siplizumab]), CD30 (SGN-30 and MDX-060 [iratumumab]), and CD40 (SGN-40). Furthermore, the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitor bevacizumab, which was first approved for the treatment of colon cancer is currently under investigation in NHL, and agonists rather than antibodies to TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) [rApo2L/TRAIL, HGS-ETR1{mapatumumab}, HGS-ETR2] are currently being investigated as treatments for both advanced solid tumours and NHL. Knowledge of the ability of cancer cells to become resistant to a targeted therapy by activating an alternative pathway to evade apoptosis has driven studies that combine antibodies such as epratuzumab plus rituximab (ER) or ER plus chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) [ER-CHOP], inotuzumab ozogamicin plus rituximab, alemtuzumab plus CHOP (CHOP-C), bevacizumab plus rituximab, and now the combination of rApo2L/TRAIL plus rituximab. As a result of the expansion of research in this area, several treatment-specific adverse effects have been noted, including infusion-related reactions for rituximab, myelosuppression secondary to (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and (131)I-tositumomab, and immunosuppression leading to infectious complications for alemtuzumab. Also, soluble forms of the antigens (sCD30) are now being investigated as potential mechanisms of resistance to antibody treatments by binding the antibody before the drug can bind to the lymphoma cell. In addition, it has also become apparent that these antibodies often have a dose-dependent half-life (rituximab) or long half-lives of up to 2-3 weeks (epratuzumab and galiximab) with a consequent delay to a response, thus influencing how long we should wait for a response before declaring an antibody to be ineffective. Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have already had a profound impact on the treatment of NHL, and it is almost certain that, as their clinical development progresses, we will continue to refine the optimum methods of incorporating these drugs in NHL treatment in order to offer our patients the best clinical benefits.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 1733 94


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