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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Sami population in North Norway constitutes an ethnic minority with a lifestyle that diverges from that of the rest of the population. A cohort of 19 801 people of Sami origin was followed for cancer incidence over the period 1970-1997 by the Norwegian Cancer Registry. Among the Sami 1340 cases of cancer were observed versus 1658.2 expected, based on a regional reference population. For both sexes a significantly decreased incidence of colon cancer was observed. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for men was 0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.71) and for women 0.62 (95% CI 0.43-0.85). Low SIRs were observed for lung cancer: 0.63 (95% CI 0.51-0.77) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.37-0.91), for men and women, respectively. Men of Sami ancestry had a decreased risk of prostate cancer: SIR 0.57 (95% CI 0.45-0.71). Among women 127 cases of breast cancer were observed versus 149.6 expected. A relatively high physical activity and a diet rich in fish may in part explain the low cancer incidence. Some Sami were exposed to radioactivity as a result of their diet based on reindeer products. Adverse effects on their cancer incidence were not observed.
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PMID:Cancer in the Sami population of North Norway, 1970-1997. 1567 97

The transcriptional activity of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is regulated, at least in part, by the androgen receptor (AR) gene. We evaluate how the number of polyglutamine (CAG) repeats of the AR gene influence colorectal cancer in conjunction with vitamin D, sunshine exposure and VDR. Studies of colon (1,580 cases and 1,968 controls) and rectal (797 cases and 1,016 controls) cancer were used. Vitamin D intake and average hours of sunshine exposure interacted with AR genotype in men. Men with low vitamin D intake or low levels of sunshine exposure who had 23+ CAG repeats of the AR gene had the greatest risk of colon cancer. ORs for men with 23 or more CAG repeats of the AR gene and in the lowest tertile of vitamin D intake or sunshine exposure were 1.71 (95% CI 1.14, 2.56) and 1.51 (95% CI 1.09, 2.09). Men with high levels of sunshine exposure were at reduced risk of developing rectal cancer if they had 23 or more CAG repeats (OR 0.62 95% CI 0.39, 0.97) than if they had fewer than 23 CAG repeats. The FF genotype of the Fok1 VDR gene was associated with reduced risk of colon cancer among women with any allele of 23+ CAG repeats (OR 0.62 95% CI 0.44, 0.88), whereas men with the LL/bb VDR genotypes were at reduced risk of rectal cancer if they also had 23+ CAG repeats (OR 0.71 95% CI 0.48, 1.05) relative to men with fewer than 23 CAG repeats of the AR gene. These data provide support for the role of vitamin D and sunshine exposure in the etiology of colorectal cancer and suggest that AR gene may modulate the association.
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PMID:Associations between vitamin D, vitamin D receptor gene and the androgen receptor gene with colon and rectal cancer. 1642 62

Investigators have reported an inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in several case-control studies, but prospective studies, most of them involving small numbers of cases, have not supported such a relation. In this analysis, the authors prospectively examined the association of coffee consumption with colorectal cancer risk among participants from two population-based cohort studies: 61,433 women in the Swedish Mammography Cohort and 45,306 men in the Cohort of Swedish Men. Information about coffee consumption was obtained from food frequency questionnaires in 1987-1990 and 1997 for women and in 1997 for men. The authors used Cox proportional hazards modeling for cohort-specific multivariate analyses, and results were pooled using random-effects models. During 1,240,597 person-years of follow-up, 1,279 incident cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed. Coffee consumption was not associated with risk of colorectal cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer in either women or men. For both cohorts combined, the multivariate rate ratio for colorectal cancer for each additional cup of coffee per day was 1.00 (95% confidence interval: 0.97, 1.04). The associations were not modified by colorectal cancer risk factors. The findings from these two large prospective cohort studies do not support the hypothesis that coffee consumption lowers the risk of colorectal cancer.
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PMID:Coffee consumption and incidence of colorectal cancer in two prospective cohort studies of Swedish women and men. 1644 98

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in folate metabolism, a pathway that is important in colorectal carcinogenesis. We investigated the role of functional polymorphisms in the TS 5'-UTR promoter enhancer region (TSER, 3 or 2 repeats of a 28-bp sequence) and the 3'-UTR (1494delTTAAAG) and their association with colon tumor characteristics, including tumor stage and acquired mutations in p53, Ki-ras and microsatellite instability. Data from a population-based incident case-control colon cancer study in northern California, Utah and Minnesota (1,206 cases, 1,962 controls) was analyzed using unordered polytomous logistic regression models. In both men and women, individuals with variant TS alleles were at reduced risk of having an advanced stage tumor (metastatic disease: OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.2-0.6 vs. wildtype TSER and 3'-UTR). Stage-adjusted survival did not differ by genotype. Men with 1 or 2 variant alleles in both the TSER and 3'-UTR genotypes had a 50% reduced risk of a p53-positive tumor (OR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9 vs. homozygous wildtype TSER and 3'-UTR). Women with 1 or 2 variant alleles for either the TSER or 3'-UTR polymorphism had reduced risk of having any colon tumor that did not vary by mutation status. This study provides some support for associations between TS genotype and colon cancer tumor characteristics.
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PMID:Thymidylate synthase polymorphisms and colon cancer: associations with tumor stage, tumor characteristics and survival. 1729 Mar 89

Risk perceptions and worry are important constructs in many theoretical frameworks used to develop cancer screening interventions. Because most cancers for which we have early detection or prevention strategies are gender specific, few investigations have examined gender differences. We examined gender differences in the magnitude of, and associations with, perceived risk and worry by cancer type. Our sample included 939 men and 1,580 women >or= 50 years old with no history of relevant cancers from the 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). Dependent variables included absolute and comparative perceived risk and worry for gender-specific (breast/prostate) and colon cancers. We examined demographics, health status, health behaviors, cancer beliefs, and cancer communication variables as correlates. Linear regression analyses and pairwise contrasts were conducted with SUDAAN. Men reported greater comparative perceived risk for developing cancers, whereas women reported more frequent cancer worry. For both genders, perceived risk and worry were lowest for colon cancer. Correlates of perceived risk and worry varied, and several associations were moderated by gender. Different risk messages and intervention strategies may be needed to influence males' and females' perceived cancer risk and worry. All effect sizes were small, and future prospective research is needed to confirm our findings.
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PMID:Risk perceptions and worry about cancer: does gender make a difference? 1830 36

The role of oestrogen in oncogenesis has been examined extensively, especially in the context of breast cancer, and receptor modulators are an integral part of targeted treatment in this disease. The role of oestrogen signalling in colonic carcinoma is poorly understood. Men are more susceptible than women to colon cancer. Furthermore, hormone-replacement therapy affords an additive protective effect for postmenopausal women, and when these women do develop cancer, they typically have less aggressive disease. The discovery of a second oestrogen receptor (ERbeta) and its over expression in healthy human colon coupled with reduced expression in colon cancer suggests that this receptor might be involved. The underlying mechanism, however, remains largely unknown. In this Review, we discuss the various hypotheses presented in the published literature. We examine the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which oestrogen is purported to exert its protective influence, and we review the evidence available to support these claims.
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PMID:Oestrogen and the colon: potential mechanisms for cancer prevention. 1837 92

Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with the risk of colon cancer. Adenomatous colonic polyps are precancerous lesions of colon cancer. We investigated whether BMI and the metabolic syndrome are associated with the presence of adenomatous colonic polyps in Korean men. Anthropometric measurements, metabolic risk factors, and colonoscopic pathologic findings were assessed in 1,898 men who underwent routine colonoscopy at the Health Promotion Center of Asan Medical Center in 2005. The modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria were used for the definition of the metabolic syndrome. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between BMI and the metabolic syndrome and adenomatous polyps. Compared with men in the 1st quintile of the BMI, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for adenomatous polyps in men in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th quintiles of the BMI were 1.55 (1.10-2.19), 1.57 (1.10-2.24), 1.94 (1.34-2.81), and 1.99 (1.31-3.01), respectively (P for trend <0.0001). Men with triglycerides (TGs) > or = 150 mg/dl were significantly more likely to have adenomatous polyps than were men with TG <150 mg/dl (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.03-1.62). As a function of the number of metabolic risk factors, the ORs for adenomatous polyps were 1.41 (1.03-1.93), 1.52 (1.08-2.12), 1.46 (1.01-2.12), and 1.77 (1.08-2.90) for 1, 2, 3, and > or = 4 risk factors, respectively (P for trend <0.05). Adenomatous colonic polyps were significantly associated with increased BMI levels. Subjects with even one component of the metabolic syndrome had a significantly higher risk for developing adenomatous polyps compared to those subjects without any component in Korean men.
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PMID:Association between BMI and metabolic syndrome and adenomatous colonic polyps in Korean men. 1838 94

The population in the western world has been aging while the cancer survival rates have been systematically increasing. Knowledge is lacking about psychological processes and effects of gender difference among middle-aged cancer patients and their healthy spouses. This study assesses psychological distress, coping and social support among middle-aged couples, where one of the partners was diagnosed with colon cancer. A repeated-measure MANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to assess the relationships between the variables. Levels of social support were found to be negatively correlated to levels of psychological distress among all of the participants. Surprisingly, men (healthy or sick) were found to be more distressed than their wives (p<0.0001). Men also reported receiving more support from their wives than did the female spouses (p<0.0005). The gender differences found in our study imply that men (healthy or sick) tend to receive more support than they give to their wives. It also implies that men do not use the support they receive as effectively as their wives. Thus, although men report higher levels of support from their spouses, they also report higher levels of psychological distress. Practical implications are discussed.
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PMID:Gender and psychological distress among middle- and older-aged colorectal cancer patients and their spouses: an unexpected outcome. 1876 32

Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that causes cancer at multiple sites in animal models. However, whether dietary acrylamide intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer in humans is unclear. We examined the association between dietary acrylamide intake and colorectal cancer incidence in the Cohort of Swedish Men, a population-based prospective cohort of 45,306 men who completed a food-frequency questionnaire at enrolment in 1997. During a mean follow-up of 9.3 years, we ascertained 676 incident colorectal cancer cases. Compared with the lowest quartile of acrylamide intake (<29.6 microg/d), the multivariate rate ratios for the highest quartile (> or =41.7 microg/d) were 0.95 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74-1.20) for colorectal cancer, 0.97 (95% CI 0.71-1.31) for colon cancer and 0.91 (95% CI 0.62-1.34) for rectal cancer. In conclusion, this study provides no evidence that dietary acrylamide in amounts typically consumed by Swedish men is associated with risk of colorectal cancer.
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PMID:Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of men. 1912 31

The authors examined the impact of a widower's preparedness before his wife's death from cancer on his risk of long-term morbidity. In a population-based study, 691 (76%) of 907 Swedish men who lost a wife to breast, ovarian, or colon cancer in 2000 or 2001 answered an anonymous questionnaire in 2004 or 2005 measuring preparedness at the time of the wife's death and psychological well-being at follow-up. Men aged 38-61 years with a low degree of preparedness at the time of their spouse's death had increased risk of psychological morbidity and other symptoms, such as anxiety (adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0, 4.3), a heightened startle response (aRR = 5.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 23.6), emotional numbness (aRR = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6), little or no grief resolution (aRR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3, 5.4), and sleep disorders (aRR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.3), 4-5 years after the loss. For older widowers (aged 62-80 years), a low degree of preparedness increased the risk of having repeated painful memories (aRR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.5, 5.2) and a heightened startle response (aRR = 5.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 21.4) at follow-up. These results show that to improve the long-term psychological well-being of widowers, it may be fruitful to identify care-related facilitators and inhibitors of preparedness.
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PMID:Long-term harm of low preparedness for a wife's death from cancer--a population-based study of widowers 4-5 years after the loss. 2063 79


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