Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Undifferentiated or medullary carcinoma is characterized by its distinct histologic appearance and relatively better prognosis compared to poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma. These 2 entities may be difficult to differentiate by light microscopy alone. Only limited immunohistochemical studies investigating medullary carcinoma have been reported. These studies suggest a loss of intestinal differentiation, exemplified by a high percentage of CDX2 negativity. Our aim was to further characterize the immunohistochemical profile of medullary carcinoma, with particular emphasis on intestinal markers. Paraffin blocks from 16 cases of medullary carcinoma and 33 cases of poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma were retrieved, and tissue microarrays were constructed and stained with an immunohistochemical panel including CDX2, CK7, CK20, p53, intestinal trefoil factor 3, chromogranin, synaptophysin, MLH-1, MUC-1, MUC-2, and calretinin. A significantly higher proportion of medullary carcinomas, as opposed to poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas, showed loss of staining for MLH-1 and for the intestinal transcription factor CDX2, in accordance with previous studies. MLH-1 staining was present in only 21% of medullary carcinoma cases compared with 60% of the poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma cases (P = .02), whereas CDX2 was positive in 19% of medullary carcinomas and 55% of poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas (P = .03). Interestingly, calretinin staining was strongly positive in 73% of medullary carcinomas compared to only 12% of poorly differentiated colonic carcinomas (P < .0001). Evidence of intestinal differentiation by MUC-1, MUC-2, and TFF-3 staining was seen in 67%, 60%, and 53% of the medullary carcinomas, respectively. These 3 markers were frequently positive in many of the CDX2-negative medullary carcinoma cases. Medullary carcinoma of the colon retains a significant degree of intestinal differentiation as evidenced by its high percentage of staining for MUC-1, MUC-2, and TFF-3. Calretinin, MLH-1, and CDX2 may help to differentiate medullary carcinoma from poorly differentiated colonic carcinoma of the colon.
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PMID:Differentiating the undifferentiated: immunohistochemical profile of medullary carcinoma of the colon with an emphasis on intestinal differentiation. 1899 17

A methacarn fixation permits an approach that comprises multiple techniques. In this study the procedure is used to examine 100 mesenteric lymph nodes from patients with colon cancer by means of histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The evaluated nodes are found to be grossly free of metastases. The combined expression of both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein is investigated to validate the presence of structural (cytokeratin 20, or CK20) and tumor-specific (carcinoembryonic antigen, or CEA) markers. Histological analysis shows micrometastases on 4 nodes. IHC analysis identifies isolated (CK20 and CEA positive) tumor cells on 14 other nodes. In this group, none of the nodes that are positive for CK20 IHC express the related mRNA. RT-PCR confirms the CEA IHC positivity in 50% of the cases. The double CEA IHC/RT-PCR positivity would have up-staged 33% of the pN0 cases to pN1. This approach offers a technological framework for further studies that aim to validate the clinical significance of protein/mRNA expression of tumor markers in colorectal cancer sentinel lymph nodes.
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PMID:Added value of combined gene and protein expression of CK20 and CEA in non-macroscopically involved lymph nodes of colorectal cancer. 1907 66

We report a case of endocrine cell carcinoma in the sigmoid colon with inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) tumor embolism. A 79-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with narrowing of the stools. We performed colonoscopy, computed tomography and positron emission tomography, which disclosed sigmoid colon cancer with IMV tumor embolism. She underwent sigmoidectomy and lymph node dissection. The tumor was diagnosed as endocrine cell carcinoma (type 4, pSS, med, INFalpha, v3, n1, stage IIIb). Immunohistochemically, chromographin A, synaptophysin, cytokeratin 20 and mucicarmine showed partial staining, and CD56 was totally reactive. Three months after operation multiple liver metastases appeared. She was treated with chemotherapy of cisplatin (CDDP) + irinotecan (CPT11). This case highlights the aggressiveness of endocrine cell carcinoma with tumor embolism, and it is essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
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PMID:A case report of endocrine cell carcinoma in the sigmoid colon with inferior mesenteric vein tumor embolism. 1913 78

We report a rare case of a 73-year-old man with gastric metastasis from colorectal cancer. Tumors of the stomach and the right side abdominal wall were diagnosed by FDG/PET-CT. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor with central depression in the fornix of the stomach. Since sigmoidectomy had been performed for cancer 39 months ago, we suspected metastasis. Proximal gastrectomy and resection of the tumor of the abdominal wall were performed. Histological findings showed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in the submucosal tumor. Immunohistochemical studies revealed focal positive staining for CK20 and diffuse for CDX2. These findings were similar to those of his primary sigmoid colon cancer and therefore metastasis was diagnosed.
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PMID:[Case of a sigmoid colon cancer with metachronous metastases of the stomach and the abdominal wall]. 1942 Aug 69

Metastases to endometrium are a rare event. A case of a 53-year-old woman with a previous colon cancer presenting with a dysfunctional uterine bleeding is reported. The curettage specimens consisted of multiple fragments of proliferative endometrial tissue mixed with irregular glands, focally amputated, lined by very cells with elongated, hyperchromatic nuclei and solid sheets of neoplastic cells often filled with necrotic debris and inflammatory cells, resembling endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Neoplastic cells resulted positive at immunohistochemical reaction for CK20, CDX2, p53 and negative for CK7, vimentin, ER, and PR suggesting a metastatic colon adenocarcinoma. Absence of premalignant changes, such as hyperplasia, besides frankly malignant glands in an endometrial curette should be regarded as an alarming feature for a secondary nature mostly from large bowel. In these cases clinical history is crucial and an immunohistochemical panel made up of CK7, CK20, CDX2, p53, vimentin, ER, and PR is useful for the correct diagnosis.
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PMID:Colonic carcinoma metastatic to the endometrium: the importance of clinical history in averting misdiagnosis as a primary endometrial carcinoma. 1944 68

A 47-year-old woman suddenly developed abdominal pain and visited the emergency room of our hospital. Chest and abdominal CT scan revealed free air in the abdominal cavity and a bulky pulmonary tumor in the right middle lobe. The perforated sigmoid colon was removed in an emergency operation. Histological examination of the resected tissue revealed undifferentiated carcinoma, but the histological differentiation could not be determined. We used immunohistochemical staining to distinguish primary non-small cell lung cancer from colon cancer; the resected tumor was positive for TTF-1 and CK7, but negative for CK20. Therefore, by using immunohistochemical staining we could diagnose the tumor of the large intestine as metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer. After the operation, systemic chemotherapy with carboplatin and docetaxel was repeated, but the lung tumor did not regress and the patient died. Autopsy examination confirmed the histology of the lung tumor as pleomorphic carcinoma. Morphological characteristics and the immunohistochemical staining pattern of the pulmonary tumor were consistent with that of the colon tumor. In Japan, this is the first report in which the initial manifestation of lung cancer was perforation of the large intestine due to metastasis.
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PMID:[Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung with uncommon initial manifestation of intestinal perforation]. 1960 28

We report a male patient with double advanced tumors in the jejunum and descending colon and multiple lung tumors. The intestinal cancers were surgically resected. Immunoprofiling of the specimens revealed a rare phenotype: the jejunal cancer was positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7, partially positive for CK20, and Cdx-2-negative, whereas the colon cancer was CK7(+), CK20(-), and Cdx-2(-). Biopsied lung tumor was diagnosed as tubular adenocarcinoma, and CK7(+)/CK20(+)/Cdx-2(-). Together with clinical information, we deduced that the jejunal adenocarcinoma had presumably metastasized to the lung. Moreover, postoperative oxaliplatin, including chemotherapy, significantly reduced the lung metastases, suggesting that this regimen is a promising treatment option for advanced small bowel adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Double primary adenocarcinomas of the jejunum and descending colon with lung metastases presenting rare immunohistochemical phenotypes: a case report. 1992 97

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) with cytological evaluation reliably diagnoses primary and secondary thyroid neoplasms. However, identifying the primary origin of a metastatic process involving the thyroid gland is challenging. In particular, metastasis of colon cancer to the thyroid gland is very rare. In this case report, a right lobe solid thyroid nodule in a 66-year-old male was aspirated. FNA cytology showed necrosis and atypical tall columnar cells; since, the patient at age 60 had undergone surgery for a sigmoid-rectal cancer metastasizing to the liver and subsequently to the lung, a suspicion of metastasis from colon cancer was raised. This was corroborated by cell-block immunocytochemistry showing a cytokeratin (CK) 7 negative/CK20-positive staining pattern; thyreoglobulin and TTF-1 were both negative. Since KRAS codon 12/13 mutations frequently occur in colon cancer, whereas they are extremely uncommon in primary thyroid tumors, DNA was extracted from the aspirated cells, and KRAS mutational analysis was carried out. The codon 12 G12D mutation was found; the same mutation was evident in the primary cancer of the colon and in its liver and lung metastasis. Thus, a combined cytological, immunocytochemical and molecular approach unquestionably correlated metastatic adenocarcinoma cells aspirated from the thyroid to a colo-rectal origin.
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PMID:Metastasis of colon cancer to the thyroid gland: a case diagnosed on fine-needle aspirate by a combined cytological, immunocytochemical, and molecular approach. 2021 43

CD133 has been described as a marker for cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer. Additionally, it has been reported that CSCs are resistant to chemoradiotherapy (CRT). After previously observing that CD133 mRNA levels were elevated after CRT in rectal cancer patients, we further investigated CD133 expression in colorectal cancer following CRT using immunohistochemistry. Forty patients with primary colorectal cancers and 50 patients with rectal cancer who had received preoperative CRT followed by surgery were selected. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens were stained for CD133, CK20 and Ki-67. To clarify the change of CD133 protein after irradiation, CD133 protein levels were examined in radiation-treated human colon cancer cell line HT29. We found four distinct patterns of CD133 staining defined by CD133 expression in luminal surface, in intraluminal cells and in cytoplasm. In total, CD133 expression was detected in 27.5% of non-CRT and 70% of CRT specimens. The frequency of CD133 staining in CRT specimens was significantly higher than that of non-CRT specimens. Seven out of 50 CRT specimens exhibited cytoplasmic staining. These cells with cytoplasmic CD133 expression did not express CK20 or Ki-67. The ratio of histopathological responder in cases with CD133 expression in both luminal surface and cytoplasm was significantly lower than that without it (P<0.05). In vitro study showed that CD133 protein was increased in a radiation-dose dependent manner. Further studies clarifying the role of CD133 in tumor re-growth and resistance to conventional CRT in colorectal cancer may assist the development of future cancer therapeutics.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical features of CD133 expression: association with resistance to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. 2059 19

Our case was a 65-year-old male, with the chief complaints of diarrhea and abdominal distention. Three years earlier, the patient had undergone transcatheter arterial embolization and radiofrequency treatment based on a diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma due to hepatitis B by another doctor. In October 2007, the patient developed diarrhea and increased abdominal distention. In December, CT examination conducted by the previous doctor revealed a 20-cm tumor within the pelvis. The patient was diagnosed with sigmoid colon cancer based on barium enema examination using gastrografin, and was introduced to our hospital for treatment. He was diagnosed with low-differentiated carcinoma by biopsy of the colon during endoscopy and underwent sigmoidectomy based on a diagnosis of sigmoid colon cancer. The tumor had infiltrated the bladder, and a tumorectomy was conducted through partially combined resection. The tumor was a huge lesion occupying the inside of the lumen, and histopathological findings revealed that the tumor, the main part of which lay beneath the mucous membrane, had a transitional image composed of both spindle-shaped atypical cells and sarcomatoid shape. The result of immunostaining was CK7(+), CK20(-), AFP(-), and the patient was diagnosed as having carcinosarcoma of the colon. Carcinosarcoma of the colon is a malignant tumor with poor prognosis, and the mean survival period in past reports was approximately 6 months. The patient was treated with FOLFIRI+Bevacizumab therapy according to chemotherapy for colon cancer, but he was refractory to the therapy.
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PMID:Carcinosarcoma of the Sigmoid Colon: Report of a Case. 2110 9


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