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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The alcohol intake of a cohort of Japanese men in Hawaii is directly and significantly related to the risk of developing rectal cancer, whether assessed on the basis of amount consumed or as a percent of total calories. Wine and whiskey are directly related to rectal cancer, but beer is the only alcoholic beverage that displays a statistically significant dose-response (P = 0.008). Colon cancer risk also is related directly to alcohol intake, but the association is statistically significant only when measured as a percent of energy intake. This suggests that alcohol might displace cancer inhibitors from the diet. Calcium, vitamin C, and dietary fiber are inversely related to colon cancer risk in this cohort, and each of these micronutrients displays statistically significant negative correlation with alcohol intake. A possible positive association between alcohol and lung cancer was ruled out after adjusting for cigarette smoking. Cancers of the prostate and stomach were unrelated to alcohol intake, but the risk of acquiring cancer at all other sites combined was strongly related to alcohol intake.
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PMID:Prospective study of alcohol intake and large bowel cancer. 222 3

Currently, there is no commonly practiced tool for assessing calcium status of individuals or populations. Few biochemical markers reflect calcium status. Fasting urinary calcium:creatinine ratios may hold promise as an easy, inexpensive method to indicate recent calcium status. Calcium status may best be assessed by integrated measures of calcium assimilation, such as total-body calcium. Although bone-mass measurements do not correlate well with recent dietary intakes of calcium, long-term adequacy of calcium intake influences bone mass. Whether low calcium intakes lead to calcium deficiencies depends on one's ability to adapt and conserve calcium. The relationship between calcium status and a particular disease state, such as osteoporosis, hypertension, or colon cancer, cannot be established until a reliable indicator of calcium status is found.
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PMID:Assessing calcium status and metabolism. 224 90

The effects of dietary calcium, magnesium, and butterfat on intestinal function and flora in rats initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) were studied. Male weanling rats were assigned to six isocaloric diets that varied in their levels of calcium and magnesium (0.25% Ca with 0.05% Mg, 1.0% Ca with 0.05% Mg, or 0.625% Ca with 0.50% Mg) and butterfat (5% or 20%). One-half of the rats in each treatment were injected subcutaneously with DMH weekly for four weeks. This short-term exposure to DMH increased colonic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and the mass of cecal contents. Ingestion of the high levels of either calcium or magnesium depressed colonic ODC activity and depressed apparent absorption of organic matter, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Ingestion of excess magnesium increased the mass of the cecal contents by twofold, caused hypertrophy of cecal walls, and increased the total amount of protein and total nitroreductase and beta-glucuronidase activity in the ceca of rats. Ingestion of supplemental calcium had less dramatic effects and increased the mass of cecal contents by only 28% and decreased the total amount of protein in the ceca. On the basis of their different effects on cecal microflora, magnesium appears to have less potential than does calcium as a protective agent against colon cancer.
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PMID:Changes in intestinal function of rats initiated with DMH and fed varying levels of butterfat, calcium, and magnesium. 230 74

This prospective study assesses the impact of fat and calcium intake on the risk of developing cancer in each large-bowel subsite. The study population is a cohort of Hawaii Japanese men who experience high rates of colon cancer, especially of the sigmoid segment. Total calcium intake is not related to the risk of colon cancer, and separation of calcium into dairy and nondairy sources does not alter the result. There is, however, a significant, monotonic increase in sigmoid colon cancer risk with decreasing total calcium intake. Similar trends are shown for both dairy and nondairy calcium. Dietary calcium is not consumed in large quantities among the Hawaii Japanese, partly because of their limited consumption of milk due to lactose intolerance. If calcium plays a protective role against sigmoid colon cancer, this effect is unlikely to be related to fat intake. Sigmoid colon cancer subjects had lower intakes of fat than other cohort men, and a statistical test for the interaction effect of total calcium and fat intake on colon cancer risk was statistically insignificant (P = 0.2).
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PMID:The influence of dairy and nondairy calcium on subsite large-bowel cancer risk. 231 61

In Los Angeles County, the age-adjusted incidence rate of colon cancer in men is almost 30% higher than that in women; however, in the descending and sigmoid colon, age-specific incidence rates for women are higher than those for men before age 55. Since menstrual and/or reproductive factors may be involved in producing this crossover in age-specific rates, they were examined in a population-based case-control study involving 327 white women with adenocarcinoma of the colon and age-, race- and neighbourhood-matched controls. After adjustment for other factors associated with colon cancer in this study (family history of large bowel cancer, total fat intake, calcium, weight and activity level), ever having been pregnant was protective (RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.33-0.97). For one to two pregnancies, the RR was 0.76 (CI = 0.42-1.37); for three or more pregnancies, the RR was 0.45 (CI = 0.25-0.81). However, the relationship between the number of pregnancies and colon cancer risk was actually U-shaped, with risk decreasing with successive pregnancies up to four and then increasing with additional pregnancies. The U-shaped relationship was present for incomplete as well as for full-term pregnancies and was more striking for cancers occurring in the distal (descending and sigmoid) than proximal (caecum to splenic flexure) colon. Risk was not related to age at menarche or use of exogenous oestrogens, but delayed natural menopause was weakly protective in the proximal but not distal colon. The crossover in incidence rates in the distal colon can be completely accounted for by the pregnancy effect. The U-shape of the pregnancy curve suggests the possibility of competing factors, some protective, especially after one or several pregnancies, and others conferring increasing risk with successive pregnancies, regardless of the pregnancy outcome.
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PMID:Reproductive factors and colon cancers. 233 11

The relation between calcium intake, estimated from frequency of use of 29 food items, and colorectal cancer risk was analyzed using data from a case-control study conducted in Northern Italy. The study was conducted on 558 cases of colon cancer, 352 cases of rectal cancer, and 1,032 controls admitted to the hospital for acute, nonneoplastic, nondigestive tract disorders (39% with traumas, 17% nontraumatic orthopedic diseases, 25% acute surgical conditions, 19% other miscellaneous disorders). There was no appreciable trend in risk of colon or rectal cancer in relation to measures of calcium intake. The multivariate relative risk (adjusted for age, sex, education, area of residence, and consumption of selected indicator foods) for highest versus lowest quintile was 1.1 for colon and 1.0 for rectum. Likewise, there was no appreciable difference between cases and controls with reference to frequency of consumption of the two major calcium-containing foods (milk and cheese), with relative risk for the highest level of intake between 0.9 and 1.2. This study indicates that little or no protection on large bowel cancer risk is provided by dairy products or calcium intake in a range of 0.5-1.5 g per day.
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PMID:Calcium, dairy products, and colorectal cancer. 234 5

The effect of cytotoxic hyperthermia on Ca2+ transport by intracellular, nonmitochondrial Ca2+ stores of the human colon cancer cell line, HT-29, was studied using cells permeabilized with saponin. Saponin treatment permitted equilibration of the cytosol with a defined extracellular medium consisting of an intracellular-like ionic composition, ATP and an ATP-regenerating system, and Ca2+/EGTA buffers to adjust the free [Ca2+]. Under the conditions employed, ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in saponin-permeabilized cells was demonstrated to be exclusively due to nonmitochondrial Ca2+ stores, e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or calciosomes. Heat treatment for 120 min at 44.5 degrees C sufficient to kill 80% of the cells inhibited ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by 50% in terms of rate and total Ca2+ accumulated. With cells made thermotolerant by either arsenite or heat treatment 24 h prior to challenge heating, ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake was resistant to a second equivalent heat dose. Efflux of Ca2+ from saponin-permeabilized cells when measured at 37 degrees C was unaffected by a prior heat treatment (44.5 degrees C for 120 min).
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PMID:Cytotoxic hyperthermia and Ca2+ homeostasis: the effect of heat on Ca2+ uptake by nonmitochondrial intracellular Ca2+ stores. 237 83

Flavone 8-acetic acid (FAA) is a new experimental antitumor drug with activity against various murine and human solid tumors in vitro and in vivo. We previously demonstrated that FAA suppressed the growth of a human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). In this study we investigated the effect of FAA on human peripheral blood (PBL) and human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte (LPL) DNA synthesis. Our results show that FAA inhibited DNA synthesis in PBL and LPL in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, FAA inhibited the activity of the intracellular enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), in stimulated PBL and LPL. FAA did not inhibit phorbol ester (PDB) and calcium ionophor(ionomycin)-stimulated LPL DNA synthesis. These results suggest that FAA alters DNA synthesis of human peripheral and colonic mucosal lymphocytes. We postulate that FAA may affect the human peripheral and mucosal immune system.
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PMID:Flavone acetic acid suppresses human peripheral blood lymphocyte and human colonic lamina propria lymphocyte DNA synthesis. 239 38

The effects of 2 levels of dietary calcium and 2 types of dietary fat on the promotional phase phase of azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in the F344 rat were investigated. During the initiation phase of carcinogenesis all animals were fed a 5% corn oil AIN-76A diet containing 0.32% Ca in the form of calcium lactate. Rats were then injected with azoxymethane (AOM) weekly for 8 weeks. Thereafter, the rats were fed 1 of 3 diet formulations: a 5% corn oil diet or a 20% corn oil or 20% American Blend oil fat diet, with the level of Ca set at either 0.32% of the diet, a nutrient density simulating a daily human intake of approximately 1700 mg Ca/day, or at 0.04% of the diet, reflecting a human daily intake of approximately 200-250 mg of Ca/day, thus modeling 2 human nutrient density levels for calcium. Measurements of fecal pH during the experiment indicated an acidic adaptation of the large bowel to the lactate anion. Analysis of collected fecal samples showed more total fatty acids to be present in the colon when higher amounts of calcium were consumed. However, results of the tumorigenesis study indicated that calcium lactate fed at the 0.32% level significantly inhibited the development of colonic adenocarcinoma in all dietary groups. Taken together, this investigation supports the hypothesis that calcium supplementation can inhibit colon neoplasia in rats fed a high fat diet; however, under the conditions of this study, the 20% fat level did not significantly promote colon cancer as compared to a 5% fat level.
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PMID:Inhibition of the promotional phase of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in the F344 rat by calcium lactate: effect of simulating two human nutrient density levels. 239 78

A search of the literature using National Library of Medicine databases and individual cancer journal articles yielded over 500 compounds with published chemopreventive activity in animals. From these, an initial 16 agents or agent combinations have been evaluated in the following animal tumor models: mouse skin papillomas/carcinomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate; rat breast adenocarcinoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene; hamster lung carcinoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or diethylnitrosamine; mouse bladder papillary carcinoma induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine; and rat and mouse colon cancer induced by azoxymethane/methylazoxymethanol acetate. Some of the most interesting positive results observed include 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide plus tamoxifen in breast cancer, piroxicam in colon cancer, dimethylfluoroornithine in breast and bladder cancer, oltipraz in lung cancer, dehydroepiandrosterone in colon cancer, and molybdate in bladder cancer. Eighteen human intervention trials in progress are described that involve the following agents: beta-carotene (eight trials). Retinol/retinoic acid (seven trials), vitamins C and E (three trials), 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide (one trial), piroxicam (one trial), and calcium (one trial). By organ site these studies involve cancer of the lung (six studies), skin (five studies), colon (four studies), breast (one study), and uterine cervix (two studies).
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PMID:Identification of candidate cancer chemopreventive agents and their evaluation in animal models and human clinical trials: a review. 240 15


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