Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) is an inducible enzyme synthesizing prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, which is thought to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Since the COX2 polymorphisms, if functional, may modify the carcinogenesis pathway, the associations between the reported polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk were examined in a hospital-based case-control study. Six polymorphisms of the gene encoding COX2 were genotyped for 241 non-cancer individuals (controls) and 148 colorectal cancer patients (74 colon cancer, 73 rectal cancer, and 1 colorectal cancer date, 22 polymorphisms including the above six have been reported for COX2. The other polymorphisms remain to be examined.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2001
PMID:Genotype Frequencies of Cyclooxygenease 2 (COX2) Rare Polymorphisms for Japanese with and without Colorectal Cancer. 1271 55

Morbidity and mortality statistics, including incidences of fat-related cancers (FRCs), and dietary intake and sources of fats and oils were compared for Japanese, Mediterranean and American people. Incidences of FRCs, except for steeply increasing colon cancer, have remained low in Japan. Similarly, Mediterranean people enjoy relatively low risks of FRCs compared with American people. The low risks of FRCs in Japanese may be explained by limited intake of fats and oils as a whole, and a low ratio of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) versus n-3 PUFAs through consumption of the latter from marine foods. They also frequently consume vegetables and fruit, and dietary fiber. Mediterranean people moderately consume fats and oils from a large amount of olive oil, containing not only oleic acid but also polyphenols (including flavonoids), &mgr;-tocopherol and carotenoids (including &mgr;-carotene), which are antioxidants and anti-carcinogenic as in red wine, vegetables (including herbs) and fruit. The diet also features medium intake of fish and shellfish along with cereals/pasta/bread. From the standpoint of intake of total fat, the low risks of FRCs in Japanese seem "plausible," while the low risks in Mediterranean people may be termed "paradoxical." In summary, limited consumption of fats and oils, moderate intakes of marine foods, and vegetables and fruit, in line with a modest intake of energy may be advocated for promoting health, prolonging life and prevention of lifestyle-related diseases including FRCs.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2000
PMID:Japanese versus Mediterranean Diets and Cancer. 1271 90

Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infections and degenerative diseases. Literature shows that the antioxidant activity is high on herbal and vegetable plants. Realizing the fact, this research was carried out to determine total antioxidant activity and the potential anticancer properties in three types of selected local vegetable shoots such as Diplazium esculentum (paku shoot), Manihot utillissima (tapioca shoot) and Sauropous androgynus (cekur manis). The research was also done to determine the effect of boiling, on total antioxidant activity whereby samples of fresh shoots are compared with samples of boiled shoots. In every case, antioxidant activity is compared to alpha-tocopherol and two methods of extraction used are the organic and the aqueous methods. Besides that, two research methods used were the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with absorbance of 500 nm and 532 nm respectively. Oneway ANOVA test at P <0.05 determines significant differences between various samples. In the cytotoxic study, the ethanolic extract and several cell lines i.e. breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), colon cancer (Caco-2), liver cancer (HepG2) and normal liver (Chang liver) were used. The IC50-value was determined by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant study found that all the samples in both aqueous and organic extraction were significantly different. The total antioxidant activity values of aqueous extract in descending order are as follows : M. utilissima (fresh)> D. esculentum (fresh) > S.androgynus (fresh) > M.utilissima (boiled) > D. esculentum (boiled) > S.androgynus (boiled). It also was found that S.androgynus shoots ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 with the IC subset 50 value of 53.33 microg/ml. However, S.androgynus shoots and D. esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cell line. While, the tapioca shoot ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cell line with the IC50 value of 52.49 microg/ml. S.androgynus shoots and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not give an IC50 value against the MCF-7 cell line. S.androgynus, tapioca and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and HepG2. There was no IC50-value from any sample against Chang Liver cell line. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of both fresh and boiled samples were higher than alpha-tocopherol, although fresh vegetable shoots were found to be higher in antioxidant activity compared to boiled shoots. This study also suggested that S.androgynus shoots and tapioca shoots have potential as an anticancer agent against certain breast tumours.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003
PMID:Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines. 1450 92

A little dust has settled since last year's news from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trial about the use of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) during and after menopause: long-term use may increase a woman's chances of becoming chronically ill (Women's Health Initiative Investigators, 2002). In none of the three age-groups studied (women in their 50s, 60s and 70s) was the presumed cardioprotective effect of HRT confirmed, and in all age groups, the hormone users had more heart attacks, strokes, and blood clots than the control as well as more breast cancer. The placebo arm (women not receiving HRT) had more fractures and more cases of colon cancer than the hormone users, but on balance, the non-users still had fewer serious adverse health effects. The WHI estrogen and progestin arm was prematurely stopped in July 2002 because the overall risks of the intervention outweighed the benefits (Women's Health Initiative Investigators, 2002).
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Hormone replacement therapy for symptoms but not for chemoprevention of chronic diseases. 1450 50

We set out to compare the effect of diets containing intact seeds as food ingredients on colon function and fermentation-dependent events. Using a randomized cross over design, twelve healthy adults were recruited and required to consume an experimental diet containing intact or ground seeds for 7-days then after returning to their usual diet for 21-days to consume the second experimental diet for 7-days. All foods consumed during the experimental dietary periods were supplied by the researchers. Stools passed on three consecutive days on the usual diet prior to commencement and on days 5, 6 and 7 during each experimental diet, were collected. Outcome measures were whole gut transit time, 24 h stool output, faecal pH, particle size, and short chain fatty acid content. Seeds recovered from stools were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Nine of the twelve subjects completed all aspects of the study. Consumption of intact seeds compared to ground seeds increased 24 h faecal wet weight (mean 258 g +/- 123 g and 170 g +/- 63 g, respectively; P=0.005) and dry weight (78 g +/- 34 g and 46 g +/- 28 g, respectively; P=0.003). Whole gut transit times and moisture content of stools were not different. There was a trend for stools from the whole seed diet to be more acidic than those from the ground seed diet (pH 6.2 +/- 0.3 and pH 6.6 +/- 0.3, respectively; P=0.06) and they contained more short chain fatty acids (35 +/- 5.2 and 30 +/- 10.5 mmol/kg, respectively; P=0.05). Large amounts of apparently whole seeds were recovered from stools, but internally the endosperm was often eroded and coated with bacteria. Intact seeds as food ingredients bring about changes to the colonic environment and to faecal composition that may reduce the risk of colon cancer.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2003
PMID:Whole cereal and legume seeds increase faecal short chain fatty acids compared to ground seeds. 1467 74

Many epidemiological studies have provided support for the hypothesis that type II diabetes can increase the risk of colorectal cancer, but time trends, geographical distributions and host factors for the two diseases remain largely to be clarified. To address these issues, we investigated the epidemic pattern of colon cancer and type II diabetes among Japanese in Japan (J-Japanese), with consideration of the westernization of dietary habits. Over the last three decades, the increase in crude mortality rates of colon cancer from the Vital Statistics has closely paralleled the increment in prevalence rates (PRs) from hospital based surveys of diabetes. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) for colon cancer among Japanese in the United States (US-Japanese) were higher than those among J-Japanese and almost the same as those among US-Whites, while PRs for type II diabetes among US-Japanese were the highest in the three populations. Correlation analysis showed that PRs for type II diabetes had a positive association with ASIRs for colon cancer among the combination of Japanese and US-Japanese (r=0.79, p<0.01). Since 1950, intake of milk, meat, eggs and fat/oil has increased, while that of rice and potatoes has gradually decreased. Our findings indicate that the increment of ASIRs for colon cancer among J-Japanese might be closely associated with the increment of PRs for type II diabetes, reflecting the westernization of food intake.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Association between type II diabetes and colon cancer among Japanese with reference to changes in food intake. 1507 1

Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infections and degenerative diseases. Literature shows that the antioxidant activity is high on herbal and vegetable plants. Realizing the fact, this research was carried out to determine total antioxidant activity and the potential anticancer properties in three types of selected local vegetable shoots such as Diplazium esculentum (paku shoot), Manihot utillissima (tapioca shoot) and Sauropous androgynus (cekur manis). The research was also done to determine the effect of boiling, on total antioxidant activity whereby samples of fresh shoots are compared with samples of boiled shoots. In every case, antioxidant activity is compared to alpha-tocopherol and two methods of extraction used are the organic and the aqueous methods. Besides that, two research methods used were the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with absorbance of 500nm and 532nm respectively. Oneway ANOVA test at P<0.05 determines significant differences between various samples. In the cytotoxic study, the ethanolic extract and several cell lines i.e. breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), colon cancer (Caco-2), liver cancer (HepG2) and normal liver (Chang liver) were used. The IC(50)-value was determined by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant study found that all the samples in both aqueous and organic extraction were significantly different. The total antioxidant activity values of aqueous extract in descending order are as follows: M. utilissima (fresh) >D. esculentum (fresh) >S.androgynus (fresh) > M.utilissima (boiled) > D. esculentum (boiled) > S.androgynus (boiled). It also was found that S.androgynus shoots ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 value of 53.33 micrograms/ml. However, S.androgynus shoots and D. esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cell line. While, the tapioca shoot ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cell line with the IC(50) value of 52.49 micrograms/ml. S.androgynus shoots and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not give an IC(50) value against the MCF-7 cell line. S.androgynus, tapioca and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and HepG2. There was no IC(50)-value from any sample against Chang Liver cell line. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of both fresh and boiled samples were higher than alpha-tocopherol, although fresh vegetable shoots were found to be higher in antioxidant activity compared to boiled shoots. This study also suggested that S.androgynus shoots and tapioca shoots have potential as an anticancer agent against certain breast tumours.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004
PMID:Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines. 1533 45

Prostaglandin E2, which is produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) during arachidonic acid metabolism, is considered to be related to colon carcinogenesis and selective COX-2 inhibitors may be effective for chemoprevention without the adverse side effects of non-selective, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore, the influence of JTE-522 (4-(4-cyclohexyl-2-methyloxazol-5-yl)-2-fluorobenzensulfonamide), a selective COX-2 inhibitor, was examined in azoxymethane(AOM)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. A total of 40 male F344 rats were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 received diet containing 0.015% JTE-522 and group 2 the normal diet without supplement as a control group; one week later, all rats were administered axozymethane (AOM) s.c. at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight once a week for 3 successive weeks. At the termination of the experiment (30 weeks after the start), the multiplicity of colon cancer in group 1 was significantly less than that of group 2. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indices for non-neoplastic cells of the colon mucosa in group 1 were also lower. These data thus suggest that JTE-522 has chemopreventive potential against colon carcinogenesis with decrease of mucosal cell proliferation in rats.
Asian Pac J Cancer Prev
PMID:Inhibition of azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats due to JTE-522, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. 1537 3

The objective of this study was to determine the anti cancer effects of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus Linn) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro study, microtitration cytotoxic assay was done using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenil tetrazolium bromide (MTT) kit assay. Results showed that aqueous extract of A gangeticus inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The IC(50) values were 93.8 mu g/ml and 98.8 mu g/ml for HepG2 and MCF-7, respectively. The inhibitory effect was also observed in colon cancer cell line (Caco-2), but a lower percentage compared to HepG2 and MCF-7. For normal cell line (Chang Liver), there was no inhibitory effect. In the in vivo study, hepatocarcinogenesis was monitored in rats according to Solt and Farber (1976) without partial hepatectomy. Assay of tumour marker enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), uridyl diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were carried out to determine the severity of hepatocarcinogenesis. The result found that supplementation of 5%, 7.5% and 10% of A. gangeticus aqueous extract to normal rats did not show any significant difference towards normal control (P <0.05). The exposure of the rats to chemical carcinogens diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) showed a significant increase in specific enzyme activity of GGT, GST, UDPGT and ALP compared to normal control (P <0.05). However, it was found that the supplementation of A. gangeticus aqueous extract in 5%, 7.5% and 10% to cancer-induced rats could inhibit the activity of all tumour marker enzymes especially at 10% (P <0.05). Supplementation of anti cancer drug glycyrrhizin at suggested dose (0.005%) did not show any suppressive effect towards cancer control (P <0.05). In conclusion, A. gangeticus showed anticancer potential in in vitro and in vivo studies.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004
PMID:Potential anticancer effect of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) extract. 1556 47

The objective of this study is to describe and analyze the incidence trend of colon cancer in Tianjin, China from 1981 to 2000. Tumour cases were coded by ICD-9 in this study. Incidence rates were calculated by five-year age-groups as well as sex and year of diagnosis. From 1981 to 2000, the total number of colon cancer cases ascertained in urban Tianjin was 4954, including 2547 males and 2407 females. 67.88% colon cancer cases occurred in the age group 55-79 and age specific incidence rate reached its peak in the age group 75-79. The mean incidence rate of colon cancer during the 20 years was 7.01/100000 and this rate had been increasing constantly from 1981 to 2000. The average age at diagnosis was 62.41 years. An ascending trend was observed in the mean age at diagnosis of colon cancer from 1981 through 2000. As for the sex ratio, there was no clear trend exhibited. The incidence trend of colon cancer during 1981 to 2000 in Tianjin warranted a further research on its risk factors and prevention warranted.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2005
PMID:Incidence of colon cancer in Tianjin, China, 1981-2000. 1604 28


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