Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal cancer is only now being investigated at the organismal, cellular, and molecular biologic levels. Recent epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that dietary calcium and vitamin D may be related to a reduced risk for colon cancer. The evidence from laboratory investigations in animals and in cell culture also indicate a possible preventative effect. Addition of calcium and vitamin D to the roster of developmental cancer chemopreventative agents for further research is warranted.
 ...
PMID:Calcium and vitamin D modulate mouse colon epithelial proliferation and growth characteristics of a human colon tumor cell line. 355 52

It is proposed that vitamin D is a protective factor against colon cancer. This hypothesis arose from inspection of the geographic distribution of colon cancer deaths in the U.S., which revealed that colon cancer mortality rates were highest in places where populations were exposed to the least amounts of natural light--major cities, and rural areas in high latitudes. The hypothesis is supported by a comparison of colon cancer mortality rates in areas that vary in mean daily solar radiation penetrating the atmosphere. A mechanism involving cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is suggested. The possibility that an ecological fallacy or other indirect association explains the findings is explored.
 ...
PMID:Do sunlight and vitamin D reduce the likelihood of colon cancer? 1630 9

Nutritional factors are important determinants of colorectal cancer risk. Diets high in fat and/or low in fibre are especially recognised to increase risk. Dietary calcium and vitamin D have been suggested to be protective against colorectal cancer. With respect to calcium, its possible effect is thought to be mediated at least in part through intraluminal precipitation of hydrophobic, cytotoxic substances, in particular fatty and bile acids, which can promote colorectal cancer development. Data from studies in vitro and in animals support a protective effect of calcium, but studies in humans, both epidemiological and interventional, have given inconclusive results. With respect to vitamin D, data from only a small number of studies are available. Results suggest a protective effect by inhibition of cell proliferation, mediated through specific receptors. It is concluded that there are currently insufficient reasons to supplement subjects at increased colon cancer risk with calcium or vitamin D, especially when dietary intake of these substances is in agreement with general guidelines.
 ...
PMID:Calcium and vitamin D: possible protective agents against colorectal cancer? 757 96

This study examines the hypothesis that low serum levels of vitamin D metabolites are associated with an increased risk for colon cancer. From August through November 1974, 20,305 residents of Washington County, Maryland, donated blood for storage at -70 degrees C in a serum bank. Colon cancer was subsequently diagnosed among 57 of these residents during the period 1984-1991. Controls had donated blood in 1974 and remained free of colon cancer through the date of diagnosis of the case. Two controls were matched to each case on age (+/- 1 year), race, sex, and date of blood draw (+/- 1 month). Mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were 23.6 ng/ml and 23.2 ng/ml, and mean 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels were 34.7 pg/ml and 34.6 pg/ml, in cases and controls, respectively. Analysis by quintile of serum level similarly found that none of the 95% confidence intervals of the odds ratios excluded unity, and a dose-response effect was not observed. Our data provide no strong support for the hypothesis that vitamin D metabolite levels affect the subsequent risk for colon cancer.
 ...
PMID:Colon cancer and serum vitamin D metabolite levels 10-17 years prior to diagnosis. 765 69

Comparative pathology may serve as a practical tool for therapy by comparison of normal and abnormal structures of the digestive tract in animals and men. A better understanding of colon cancer as the most common solid neoplasm after lung cancer in the industrialized world is sought. In the so-called developed nations and in animals colon cancer is less frequent. The pathogenesis of colon cancer involves environmental and genetic factors. Several types of colorectal cancer can be discerned and the species distribution ranges from invertebrates to man. Colorectal neoplastic progression is species-specific. An intraspecies-specific comparison of large bowel cancer is also valuable. Alteration of signal transduction pathways and somatic mutations of oncogenes are described, as well as the occurrence, research and current treatment. Metastasis of neoplasms of the colon and of the rectum can be studied by intraspecies-specific comparison. Sections of this review deal with vitamin D and cancer and close with present therapies for colorectal cancer.
 ...
PMID:Interspecies comparative pathology of colorectal neoplasms: relevance for treatment. 772 40

The relationship between estimated intake of selected micronutrients and the risk of colorectal cancer was analysed using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy. The study was based on 828 patients with colon cancer, 498 with rectal cancer and 2,024 controls in hospital for acute, non-neoplastic, non-digestive tract diseases. Relative risks (RRs) of intake quintiles were computed after allowance for age, sex and other major potential confounding factors, including an estimate of total energy intake. No apparent trend in risk across intake quintiles was evident for retinol, vitamin D, methionine and calcium. For beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, vitamin E and folate there was a trend of a protective effect with increasing consumption: the RR for the highest versus the lowest quintile was 0.32 for beta-carotene, 0.40 for ascorbic acid, 0.60 for vitamin E and 0.52 for folate. These inverse associations were similar for colon and rectal cancer, and consistent across strata of sex and age. When simultaneous allowance was made for all these micronutrients, besides other covariates, the only persistent protective effects were for beta-carotene (RR = 0.38 for the highest quintile) and ascorbic acid (RR = 0.52). Whether this reflects a specific, or stronger, effect of these micronutrients, rather than problems of collinearity between micronutrients or other limitations of the data, remains open to discussion. Still, this study suggests that specific micronutrients may exert an independent protective effect against colorectal carcinogenesis.
 ...
PMID:Selected micronutrient intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. 798 Oct 67

Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust and is necessary for both plant and animal life today. Moreover, the natural diets of all mammals are rich in calcium. The diet of Stone Age human adults is estimated to have contained from 50 to 75 mmol of calcium (2000 to 3000 mg)/d, three to five times the median calcium intake of present-day US adults. Human physiology has adapted to this environmental abundance with an intestinal absorptive barrier and inefficient renal conservation of calcium. Although mammalian physiology contains mechanisms by which organisms can adjust to temporary environmental shortages, chronic calcium retention has a number of health consequences, most notably bone fragility, high blood pressure, and colon cancer. Evidence indicates that improvement in calcium intake (or in vitamin D status) prevents some portion of each of these multifactorial problems. At least 14 intervention studies have established the skeletal benefit of increased calcium intake during growth and among women in the late postmenopause. Other evidence suggests that adequate calcium may protect against salt-sensitive and pregnancy-associated hypertension and that high intakes of both dietary calcium and vitamin D reduce development of precancerous changes in colonic mucosa.
 ...
PMID:ADSA Foundation Lecture. Low calcium intake: the culprit in many chronic diseases. 804 60

This paper examines the evidence that connects calcium intake and vitamin D status to bone fragility, hypertension, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Human calcium physiology, with an intestinal absorptive barrier and inefficient conservation, reflects the abundance of calcium in the primordial human food supply. The calcium intake of stone-age adults is estimated at 50 to 75 mmol/d, three to five times the median calcium intake of present-day U.S. adults. Long-term calcium restriction and/or insufficient vitamin D may promote the development of bone fragility, high blood pressure, colon cancer, and breast cancer in susceptible individuals. Conversely, improvement in calcium intake and/or in vitamin D status may help to prevent these serious health problems. At least 12 intervention studies have established the skeletal benefit of increased calcium intake among women in the late postmenopause. Other reports suggest that adequate calcium may protect against salt-sensitive and pregnancy-associated hypertension. High intakes of both dietary calcium and vitamin D are associated with reduced development of precancerous changes in colonic mucosa. Preliminary findings also suggest that vitamin D has a protective effect against breast cancer.
 ...
PMID:The role of calcium intake in preventing bone fragility, hypertension, and certain cancers. 806 93

To investigate whether a high intake of calcium, vitamin D, or dairy products may protect against colon cancer, the authors analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of 35,216 Iowa women aged 55-69 years without a history of cancer who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1986. Through 1990, 212 incident cases of colon cancer were documented. Adjusted for age, intakes of calcium and vitamin D were significantly inversely associated with the risk of colon cancer. The relative risks for the highest quintile of intake as compared with the lowest were 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33-0.82) for calcium and 0.54 (95% CI 0.35-0.84) for vitamin D. After multivariate adjustment, the trends were no longer statistically significant and the relative risks for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of calcium and vitamin D intakes were attenuated: 0.68 (95% CI 0.41-1.11) for calcium and 0.73 (95% CI 0.45-1.18) for vitamin D. Although the multivariate-adjusted findings did not reach statistical significance at p < or = 0.05, when considered in the context of the whole body of literature on this subject, they are consistent with a possible role for calcium or vitamin D in modestly reducing colon cancer risk.
 ...
PMID:Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to incidence of colon cancer among older women. The Iowa Women's Health Study. 833 12

The US Public Health Service (USPHS) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have a major commitment to women's health issues and to women's health research. "To assess the problems of women's health in the context of the lives women in America lead today," the Assistant Secretary for Health, USPHS, appointed a task force whose report published in 1985 identified issues, listed 15 recommendations, and served as a guide for the establishment of groups within each agency to implement the recommendations according to their appropriate responsibilities. NIH established an Advisory Committee on Women's Health Issues which assessed NIH involvement in women's health research, made recommendations for implementation or expansion of this research, including a recommendation that women be included in clinical trails or their exclusion be justified. An Office of Research on Women's Health was created. The NIH announced a Women's Health Initiative (WHI) in the spring of 1991, which will address three of the leading health problems for women: cardiovascular disease, breast and colon cancer, and osteoporosis. The WHI will provide an integrated, multidisciplinary approach through clinical trials, observational studies, and community trials. Clinical trials will evaluate hormone replacement therapy, calcium/vitamin D, and dietary modification of fat/fiber. Community trials will implement known interventions for relevant risk factors. Presented here are USPHS response to the mandate to address women's health issues; data from the US National Center for Health Statistics about the incidence and prevalence of diseases and risk factors in women; details about the WHI clinical trial; and aspects of the WHI applicable to the field of nutrition.
 ...
PMID:Women's health and nutrition research: US governmental concerns. 840 91


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>