Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This is the first population-based study carried out in a southern European region to evaluate the risk of a cohort of cancer patients for developing further cancers. The Tuscany Tumour Registry, the Ragusa Cancer Registry and the Cancer Registry of Romagna, three of the 14 population-based cancer registries active in Italy, were involved in the present study. Overall, 19,252 incident cases of cancer of the female breast, and of the colon, rectum, lung and stomach were followed-up for 48 358.3 person-years. Only second metachronous cancers were considered. Controlateral breast cancers were analysed separately. Multiple primaries (MPs) were defined according to the IACR-IACR rules. The observed (O) numbers of MPs were compared with those expected (E) from age-, sex- and registry-specific incidence rates. Overall, 463 MPs were diagnosed (O/E = 0.87, P < 0.001). The O/E ratios for cancers of the colon (O/E = 0.66), rectum (O/E = 0.72) and all sites combined (O/E = 0.78) in males were significantly lower than expected. The deficit of observed MPs was significant during the first period (2-12 months) and increased over time. Patients over 65 years of age had a significant lower risk of MP, whereas young cancer patients had significantly higher risks for all cancers and for female breast cancer. Male lung cancer patients had a significantly reduced O/E ratio for stomach cancer (O/E = 0.21). Rectal cancer patients had reduced risks of developing stomach cancer and tumours of all sites combined and a 3-fold increased risk of kidney cancers. Colon cancer patients had an overall reduction in risk of MPs, but female colon cancer patients had a significantly increased risk for tumours of the ovary and small intestine; no significant results were found for primary stomach cancers. Female breast cancer patients had a significantly increased risk of rectal cancer (O/E = 1.97), and when synchronous and bilateral breast cancers were considered, significant overall increases in risk were seen for all cancer sites (O/E = 1.6) and for rectal (O/E = 2), and especially for breast cancers (O/E = 3). The cohort analysed had a lower risk of developing further independent tumours than the general population. Several artefacts may have biased these results: the exclusion of synchronous cancers greatly reduced the overall MP risk, and the age-related differences may have been due to reduced medical surveillance and diagnostic aggressiveness. We have confirmed the increased risk for kidney cancers in rectal cancer patients and the association between cancers of the colon and ovary. The significantly increased risk for rectal cancer in female breast cancer patients is probably due to hormonal and dietary factors. For female breast cancer patients, controlateral breast cancer represented the highest risk. The increased risk of cancer of the small intestine in patients with colon cancer may be due to overdiagnosis within increased medical surveillance.
 ...
PMID:Incidence of second primary cancers in three Italian population-based cancer registries. 947 Aug 41

The tumor-host relationship is one of the factors determining the biological behavior of malignant tumors. In colon cancer, the costimulatory molecules B7-1/B7-2 are expressed by macrophages distributed along the invasive margin (tumor-host interface). T-lymphocytes are also distributed in the same area with direct cell-to-cell contact with these B7+ macrophages. The distribution of these macrophages is lower in colon cancer patients with liver metastasis. CD8+ T cells are distributed within cancer cell nests of colon cancer. The survival rate of patients with higher levels of these T-cells is favorable. Our data suggest the presence of a host immune reaction by macrophages and T-lymphocytes, which diminishes the aggressiveness of cancer cells. As shown in the present paper, comparative analysis is required to assess the biological behavior of cancer.
 ...
PMID:[Host reactions affect cancer progression]. 974 27

Quantitative analysis of [(18)F]-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake is important in oncologic positron emission tomography (PET) studies to be able to set an objective threshold in determining if a tissue is malignant or benign, in assessing response to therapy, and in attempting to predict the aggressiveness of an individual tumor. The most common method used today for simple, clinical quantitation is standardized uptake value (SUV). SUV is normalized for body weight. Other potential normalization factors are lean body mass (LBM) or body surface area (BSA). More complex quantitation schemes include simplified kinetic analysis (SKA), Patlak graphical analysis (PGA), and parameter optimization of the complete kinetic model to determine FDG metabolic rate (FDGMR). These various methods were compared in a group of 40 patients with colon cancer metastatic to the liver. The methods were assessed by (1) correlation with FDGMR, (2) ability to predict survival using Kaplan-Meier plots, and (3) area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for distinguishing between tumor and normal liver. The best normalization scheme appears to be BSA with minor differences depending on the specific formula used to calculate BSA. Overall, PGA is the best predictor of outcome and best discriminator between normal tissue and tumor. SKA is almost as good. In conventional PET imaging it is worthwhile to normalize SUV using BSA. If a single blood sample is available, it is possible to use the SKA method, which is distinctly better. If more than one image is available, along with at least one blood sample, PGA is feasible and should produce the most accurate results.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of simplified quantitative analyses of FDG uptake. 1109 Nov 7

Expression of the gamma 2 chain at the invasive front of different tumors has indicated an important role for laminin-5 in cell migration during tumor invasion and tissue remodeling. As there is considerable need for reliable invasion and prognostic markers we evaluated the correlation of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression with clinicopathologic parameters and patient survival in 93 primary colon carcinomas. Epithelial cells of normal mucosa were consistently negative for staining. In contrast, positive cytoplasmic staining was observed in 89 tumors (96%). Twenty-four (26%) cases were scored as sparse, 34 (37%) as moderate, and 31 (33%) as frequent gamma 2 chain expression. There was a significant association of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression and local invasiveness of colon carcinomas according to Dukes stage (A-C) (p=0.001) and tumor budding (p<0.001). A statistical significance could also be noted in decreasing tumor differentiation (p<0.001) and correlation to tumor size (p=0.032). No correlation was observed to tumor site. Univariate analysis identified laminin-5 (p=0.010), tumor differentiation (p=0.006) and Dukes grade (p<0.001) as significant variables in predicting prognosis. However, by multivariate analyses, this study could not demonstrate that laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression is an independent predictive factor for survival. The results indicate that laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression is up-regulated during the progression of human colon cancer and that it plays a role in the aggressiveness of these tumors. Demonstration of laminin-5 gamma 2 chain positivity also facilitates detection of individual cells or minor cell clusters invading the surrounding stroma. Figures on http://www.esacp.org/acp/2001/22-4/lenander.htm.
 ...
PMID:Laminin-5 gamma 2 chain expression correlates with unfavorable prognosis in colon carcinomas. 1156 96

Positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a tool for the imaging and evaluation of glucose metabolism. This technique has recently become available in more than thirty hospitals and has been approved under Japan's national health insurance program. FDG uptake correlates with glucose utilization in tissue and is widely used for evaluating malignant tumors as well as brain function and myocardial viability. FDG-PET is useful for the diagnosis of lung cancer, colon cancer, esophageal cancer, malignant lymphoma, malignant melanoma, head and neck cancer, myocardial viability, and epileptic focus. A brief summary of the application and utility of FDG-PET for esophageal carcinoma is described in this article. Because of its limited spatial resolution, FDG-PET is not able to evaluate the invasiveness of primary tumors and small lesions. However, the uptake of FDG correlates with the aggressiveness of the tumor and the prognosis of patients with esophageal carcinoma. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of lymph node staging is higher than that with CT. FDG-PET has the advantage of being able to detect distant metastases on a single occasion. Evaluation of the response to therapy and of recurrence is also possible by means of FDG-PET. There is some normal uptake and physiological distribution of FDG in many organs. Physiological status has an effect on the uptake of FDG in normal organs, and, consequently, on lesion uptake. Understanding of these characteristics makes this procedure a useful diagnostic modality for the management of patients with esophageal carcinoma.
 ...
PMID:[Current status of nuclear medicine. Clinical application of FDG-PET for cancer diagnosis. Esophageal cancer]. 1207 32

The mechanisms underlying the inflammatory and metastatic processes share a number of similar pathways, such as those involving adhesion, migration and extravasation. In this article, the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on metastatic-related activities of colon cancer cells were tested. The expression and biological activity of the proteoglycan CD44 in low (LS174T) and high metastatic (HM7) cell lines following exposure to TNFalpha and IL-8 were assessed. Treated cells expressed more CD44 splice variants (CD44v), while CD44 standard protein (CD44s) expression remained unchanged. Treatment with TNFalpha induced IL-8 secretion and IL-8 gene transcription in a time-dependent manner. Both cytokines enhanced the ability of the cells to adhere to the CD44-specific ligand hyaluronic acid, an effect that was specifically blocked by an anti-IL-8 antibody. These results suggest that the effect of TNFalpha on IL-8 is responsible for the regulation of the expression of CD44 isoforms. Additional experiments showed that neither of the cytokines tested regulate the expression of CD44 gene regulation via activation of a well-characterized specific 22-bp epidermal growth factor regulatory element present in the CD44 promoter sequence, suggesting that this is not the mechanism of activation. We conclude that immuno-modulatory mediators can modify the expression of cell-to-cell or cell-to-matrix adhesion proteins, implicated in the determination of phenotypes associated with aggressiveness and metastasis of colon cancer cells.
 ...
PMID:TNFalpha and IL-8 regulate the expression and function of CD44 variant proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. 1209 Apr 73

Physicians are increasingly faced with choices in which one screening strategy is both more effective and more expensive than another. One way to make such choices is to examine the cost-effectiveness of the more costly strategy over the less costly one. However, little is known about how cost-effectiveness information influences physicians' screening decisions. We surveyed 900 primary care US physicians, and presented each with a hypothetical cancer-screening scenario. We created three familiar screening scenarios, involving cervical, colon, and breast cancer. We also created three unfamiliar screening scenarios. Physicians were randomized to receive one of nine questionnaires, each containing one screening scenario. Three questionnaires posed one of the familiar screening scenarios without cost-effectiveness information, three posed one of the familiar scenarios with cost-effectiveness information, and three posed one of the unfamiliar scenarios with cost-effectiveness information. The cost-effectiveness information for familiar scenarios was drawn from the medical literature. The cost-effectiveness information for unfamiliar scenarios was fabricated to match that of a corresponding familiar scenario. In all questionnaires, physicians were asked what screening alternative they would recommend. A total of 560 physicians responded (65%). For familiar scenarios, providing cost-effectiveness information had at most a small influence on physicians' screening recommendations; it reduced the proportion of physicians recommending annual Pap smears (p=0.003), but did not significantly alter the aggressiveness of colon cancer and breast cancer screening (both p's<0.1). For all three unfamiliar scenarios, physicians were significantly less likely to recommend expensive screening strategies than in corresponding familiar scenarios (all p's<0.001). Physicians' written explanations revealed a number of factors that moderated the influence of cost-effectiveness information on their screening recommendations. Providing physicians with cost-effectiveness information had only a moderate influence on their screening recommendations for cervical, colon, and breast cancer. Significantly, fewer physicians recommended aggressive screening for unfamiliar cancers than for familiar ones, despite similar cost-effectiveness. Physicians are relatively reluctant to abandon common screening strategies, even when they learn that they are expensive, and are hesitant to adopt unfamiliar screening strategies, even when they learn that they are inexpensive.
 ...
PMID:The influence of cost-effectiveness information on physicians' cancer screening recommendations. 1263 89

Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer among men in most developed countries, yet little is known about its causes. Older age, African ancestry and a positive family history of prostate cancer have long been recognized as important risk factors. The evidence that genetics probably plays a critical role is based on a variety of study designs, including case-control, cohort, twin and family-based, all of which are reviewed in detail. The search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes by linkage studies offered early hope that finding genes would be as 'easy' as finding genes for breast cancer and colon cancer susceptibilities. However, this hope has been dampened by the difficulty of replicating promising regions of linkage. This review provides updates on recent developments, and a broad view of the disparate findings from different linkage studies. Early linkage results have provided targeted candidate regions for prostate cancer susceptibility loci, including HPC1 on chromosome 1q23-25, PCAP on chromosome 1q42-43, CAPB on chromosome 1p36, linkage to chromosome 8p22-23, HPC2 on chromosome 17p, HPC20 on chromosome 20q13, and HPCX on chromosome Xq27-28. These linkage findings lead to refined mapping and mutation screening of several strong candidate genes, including ELAC2, RNASEL and MSR1. Up to now, a total of 10 genome-wide linkage scans for prostate cancer susceptibility have been completed, and are reviewed. Furthermore, recent findings that Gleason's grade, a measure of aggressiveness of prostate cancer, is linked to several genomic regions are reviewed. Finally, the roles of environmental and dietary risk factors, and common genetic polymorphisms of genes likely to play a role in common forms of prostate cancer, are briefly discussed within in the context of searching for genes that influence prostate cancer risk.
 ...
PMID:The complex genetic epidemiology of prostate cancer. 1474 51

This study investigated the relationship between clinicopathological or immunohistochemical factors and postoperative prognosis for Dukes' C colorectal cancer. Short-term survivors died from cancer within 2 years of surgery, whereas long-term survivors were disease-free for over 10 years. The groups differed in Ki-67 antigen and CEA expression in colon cancer, and CEA expression in rectal cancer that was limited to the metastatic lymph nodes. The immunohistochemical scores were higher in short-term survivors. Our data suggest that the characteristics of metastatic lymph nodes are important as a predictor of the aggressiveness of tumor behavior and that the expression of Ki-67 antigen or CEA there may be a useful indicators of patients' survival in Dukes' C colorectal cancer.
 ...
PMID:Ki-67 and CEA expression as prognostic markers in Dukes' C colorectal cancer. 1505 Jul 40

The aim of the work was to study the effects of changes in the location of E-cadherin from membrane to cytoplasm and the appearance of metastases and recurrence in patients with colon cancer of pT1 grade. The study group consisted of 34 patients with colon cancer. The material was fixed in 10% buffered, directly following surgery, fixed in fonnaldehyde and embedded in paraffin blocks by a standard method. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed, using monoclonal E-cadherin antibodies (Novocastra, NCL-E-Cad). Statistical analysis did not show any relation between the change in the location of E-cadherin expression, the patients' sex, and the location of changes. Simultaneously, we observed a strong relationship between the presence of exudate in the vessels from cancer cells, the histological grade and the loss of E-cadherin expression in the main tumour mass (p<0.01). We also noted a statistically significant correlation between the presence of lymph node invasion and distant metastases and the E-cadherin cytoplasmic reaction (p=0.0001, p=0.000001, respectively). A borderline significance of p=0.06 was noted in the association between the appearance of recurrence at the postoperative site and the change in location of E-cadherin expression in the main tumour mass from cytoplasm to membrane. On the basis of our results, we can conclude that a change in the location of E-cadherin expression (from membrane cytoplasm) is strongly associated with an increased aggressiveness of CRC, which is related to the appearance of proximal and distant metastases and to recurrence at the postoperative scar.
 ...
PMID:Effects of changes at the site of E-cadherin expression as an indicator of colon cancer aggressiveness. 1563 79


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>