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Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infections and degenerative diseases. Literature shows that the antioxidant activity is high on herbal and vegetable plants. Realizing the fact, this research was carried out to determine total antioxidant activity and the potential anticancer properties in three types of selected local vegetable shoots such as Diplazium esculentum (paku shoot), Manihot utillissima (tapioca shoot) and Sauropous androgynus (cekur manis). The research was also done to determine the effect of boiling, on total antioxidant activity whereby samples of fresh shoots are compared with samples of boiled shoots. In every case, antioxidant activity is compared to alpha-tocopherol and two methods of extraction used are the organic and the aqueous methods. Besides that, two research methods used were the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with absorbance of 500 nm and 532 nm respectively. Oneway ANOVA test at P <0.05 determines significant differences between various samples. In the cytotoxic study, the ethanolic extract and several cell lines i.e. breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), colon cancer (Caco-2), liver cancer (HepG2) and normal liver (Chang liver) were used. The IC50-value was determined by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant study found that all the samples in both aqueous and organic extraction were significantly different. The total antioxidant activity values of aqueous extract in descending order are as follows : M. utilissima (fresh)> D. esculentum (fresh) > S.androgynus (fresh) > M.utilissima (boiled) > D. esculentum (boiled) > S.androgynus (boiled). It also was found that S.androgynus shoots ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 with the IC subset 50 value of 53.33 microg/ml. However, S.androgynus shoots and D. esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cell line. While, the tapioca shoot ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cell line with the IC50 value of 52.49 microg/ml. S.androgynus shoots and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not give an IC50 value against the MCF-7 cell line. S.androgynus, tapioca and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and HepG2. There was no IC50-value from any sample against Chang Liver cell line. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of both fresh and boiled samples were higher than alpha-tocopherol, although fresh vegetable shoots were found to be higher in antioxidant activity compared to boiled shoots. This study also suggested that S.androgynus shoots and tapioca shoots have potential as an anticancer agent against certain breast tumours.
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PMID:Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines. 1450 92

Several studies have suggested that diabetes mellitus may alter the risk of developing a variety of cancers, and the associations are biologically plausible. To learn more about the relation between diabetes and cancer mortality, the authors examined associations with selected cancers in a large, prospective US cohort of 467,922 men and 588,321 women who had no reported history of cancer at enrollment in 1982. After 16 years of mortality follow-up, diabetes was significantly associated with fatal colon cancer in men (multivariate relative risk (RR) = 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.37) and women (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.43) and with pancreatic cancer in men (RR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.73) and women (RR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.72). For men, diabetes was significantly associated with liver cancer (RR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.76, 2.72) and bladder cancer (RR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.80). In addition, diabetes was significantly associated with breast cancer in women (RR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.45). These associations were not explained by high body mass. Our findings suggest that diabetes is an independent predictor of mortality from cancer of the colon, pancreas, female breast, and, in men, of the liver and bladder.
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PMID:Diabetes mellitus as a predictor of cancer mortality in a large cohort of US adults. 1519 33

From previous preclinical findings continuous low dose (metronomic) chemotherapy is thought to inhibit tumor angiogenesis. This suggests that activated endothelial cells may be more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs than tumor cells. Therefore, we assessed the IC50 for several relevant chemotherapeutic drugs in different endothelial and tumor cell lines to identify optimal compounds to be used for metronomic therapy in a murine renal cell carcinoma model. Adriamycin, idarubicin, 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel and etoposide were chosen for our studies because of their oral availability in patients or previous reports on metronomic potential. IC50s were determined by BrdU cell growth assay after short time as well as long term exposure of the following cell lines: human endothelial cells (HdmVEC/HUVEC), human breast cancer (Mcf-7), melanoma (Skmel), liver cancer (Huh7/Alexander), lung cancer (A549/LXFL), colon cancer (Dld) and murine renal cell carcinoma (RENCA). In addition, FACS analysis was performed to determine the effect on cell cycle. In vivo, doses of 2x12 mg/kg, 2x1.2 mg/kg and 10x0.24 mg/kg adriamycin were applied to 12 RENCA mice each and antitumor as well as antiangiogenic effects were assessed 21 days after tumor cell application. Independent of the exposure time, all chemotherapeutic drugs were more active against the endothelial cell lines. IC50s were significantly lower in endothelial cells (4.02E-06 to 6.16E-14 M) as compared to tumor cells (7.44E-02 to 1.9E-11 M). Cell cycle analysis of all chemotherapeutic drugs revealed a G1-arrest in endothelial cells. Adriamycin applied in metronomic doses of 10x0.24 mg/kg showed significant antiangiogenic activity whereas, in contrast, the application of 2x12 mg/kg significantly increased the vessel density in primary tumors. In summary, all chemotherapeutic agents were more active against endothelial cells in comparison to tumor cells. The hypothesis of an antiangiogenic active metronomic therapy could be confirmed in vivo by the use of adriamycin in RENCA.
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PMID:Antiangiogenic potency of various chemotherapeutic drugs for metronomic chemotherapy. 1527 52

Alternative promoters allow for increased spatial and temporal diversity in expression patterns for a single gene. The human SRC gene, encoding the non-receptor c-Src tyrosine kinase, is regulated by two alternative promoters separated by approximately 1 kb. The distal SRC1alpha promoter is tissue-restricted, while expression of the proximal SRC1A promoter appears to be ubiquitous. A barrier to elucidating the mechanisms of SRC transcriptional regulation has been the finding that the individual strengths of the SRC promoters in isolation do not match their relative strength of use seen in vivo. For example, in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells, SRC1A is significantly stronger in isolation than SRC1alpha, despite SRC1alpha being the predominant promoter used in this cell line. Previously, we have shown that HepG2 cells, as well as various colon cancer cell lines, display activated SRC transcription, which is linked to the elevated c-Src expression and activity necessary for growth and survival of these cells. These findings thus highlight the importance of understanding the mechanisms of SRC transcriptional regulation in human cancer. We hypothesize the discrepancy between individual SRC promoter strength and relative usage in vivo stems from a lack of linked promoter context. Therefore, we have developed and validated a novel dual SRC promoter reporter strategy to allow the simultaneous mechanistic study of both SRC promoters in their natural linked context. This approach has yielded evidence that SRC activation proceeds through genomic element(s) outside the promoter region in HepG2 cells. Therefore, we performed a preliminary study of DNaseI hypersensitive (DH) site composition within the SRC locus. This approach identified a HepG2-specific DH site that displayed activating potential towards the SRC1alpha promoter. These results thus provide important insight to the mechanism of SRC transcriptional activation in liver cancer cells.
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PMID:Regulation of alternative SRC promoter usage in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. 1527 10

We studied accelerated death benefit (ADB) claims at the Dai-ichi Mutual Life Insurance Company (Dai-ichi Life). The ADB provision is designed to pay all or a portion of the death benefit if the insured is expected to die within 6 months. Dai-ichi Life paid 243 ADB claims and did not pay 17 ADB claims between December 1994 and March 1998. Of the 260 ADB claims, 253 (97.3%) were caused by malignant neoplasm, 2 by intracranial hemorrhage, 2 by angina pectoris, 1 by dilated cardiomyopathy, 1 by hepatic cirrhosis, and 1 by bleeding gastric ulcer. The age range of the 243 paid claims at the time when the attendant physician predicted a life expectancy below 6 months was 21.6-72.6 years (48.7 +/- 8.7 years [Mean +/- SD]). By the end of March 2000, 236 cases were followed up among the above 243 paid ADB claims. Of the 236 followed-up cases, 149 (63.1%) died within 6 months and 203 (86.0%) died within 1 year. The range of survival periods of these 236 cases was 6-1516 days (210 +/- 237 days). Of the 217 dead cases due to malignant neoplasm, 45 (20.7%) died of gastric cancer, 44 (20.3%) of lung cancer, 24 (11.1%) of liver cancer, 16 (7.4%) of colon cancer, 13 (6.0%) of rectum cancer, and 12 (5.5%) of pancreatic cancer.
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PMID:Analysis of accelerated death benefit claims at a Japanese life insurance company. 1530 85

Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging radicals, thus providing protection to humans against infections and degenerative diseases. Literature shows that the antioxidant activity is high on herbal and vegetable plants. Realizing the fact, this research was carried out to determine total antioxidant activity and the potential anticancer properties in three types of selected local vegetable shoots such as Diplazium esculentum (paku shoot), Manihot utillissima (tapioca shoot) and Sauropous androgynus (cekur manis). The research was also done to determine the effect of boiling, on total antioxidant activity whereby samples of fresh shoots are compared with samples of boiled shoots. In every case, antioxidant activity is compared to alpha-tocopherol and two methods of extraction used are the organic and the aqueous methods. Besides that, two research methods used were the ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) with absorbance of 500nm and 532nm respectively. Oneway ANOVA test at P<0.05 determines significant differences between various samples. In the cytotoxic study, the ethanolic extract and several cell lines i.e. breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), colon cancer (Caco-2), liver cancer (HepG2) and normal liver (Chang liver) were used. The IC(50)-value was determined by using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The antioxidant study found that all the samples in both aqueous and organic extraction were significantly different. The total antioxidant activity values of aqueous extract in descending order are as follows: M. utilissima (fresh) >D. esculentum (fresh) >S.androgynus (fresh) > M.utilissima (boiled) > D. esculentum (boiled) > S.androgynus (boiled). It also was found that S.androgynus shoots ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 with the IC50 value of 53.33 micrograms/ml. However, S.androgynus shoots and D. esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not inhibit the viability of MDA-MB-231 cell line. While, the tapioca shoot ethanolic extract was able to inhibit the viability of MCF-7 cell line with the IC(50) value of 52.49 micrograms/ml. S.androgynus shoots and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not give an IC(50) value against the MCF-7 cell line. S.androgynus, tapioca and D.esculentum shoots ethanolic extracts did not show cytotoxic effect against the Caco-2 and HepG2. There was no IC(50)-value from any sample against Chang Liver cell line. In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of both fresh and boiled samples were higher than alpha-tocopherol, although fresh vegetable shoots were found to be higher in antioxidant activity compared to boiled shoots. This study also suggested that S.androgynus shoots and tapioca shoots have potential as an anticancer agent against certain breast tumours.
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PMID:Determination of total antioxidant activity in three types of local vegetables shoots and the cytotoxic effect of their ethanolic extracts against different cancer cell lines. 1533 45

The objective of this study was to determine the anti cancer effects of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus Linn) in vitro and in vivo. For in vitro study, microtitration cytotoxic assay was done using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il)-2,5-diphenil tetrazolium bromide (MTT) kit assay. Results showed that aqueous extract of A gangeticus inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cell line (HepG2) and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The IC(50) values were 93.8 mu g/ml and 98.8 mu g/ml for HepG2 and MCF-7, respectively. The inhibitory effect was also observed in colon cancer cell line (Caco-2), but a lower percentage compared to HepG2 and MCF-7. For normal cell line (Chang Liver), there was no inhibitory effect. In the in vivo study, hepatocarcinogenesis was monitored in rats according to Solt and Farber (1976) without partial hepatectomy. Assay of tumour marker enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), uridyl diphosphoglucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were carried out to determine the severity of hepatocarcinogenesis. The result found that supplementation of 5%, 7.5% and 10% of A. gangeticus aqueous extract to normal rats did not show any significant difference towards normal control (P <0.05). The exposure of the rats to chemical carcinogens diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) showed a significant increase in specific enzyme activity of GGT, GST, UDPGT and ALP compared to normal control (P <0.05). However, it was found that the supplementation of A. gangeticus aqueous extract in 5%, 7.5% and 10% to cancer-induced rats could inhibit the activity of all tumour marker enzymes especially at 10% (P <0.05). Supplementation of anti cancer drug glycyrrhizin at suggested dose (0.005%) did not show any suppressive effect towards cancer control (P <0.05). In conclusion, A. gangeticus showed anticancer potential in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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PMID:Potential anticancer effect of red spinach (Amaranthus gangeticus) extract. 1556 47

After the hard development in half a century, a spurt of progress in Chinese clinical oncocytology research appears with promotion of new techniques and methods. Clinical application of Papanicolaou smear began at early 1950s, the use of it in nationwide screening for cervical cancer resulted in obvious decline of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Among all screening tests, liquid-based (Thin Prep) cytology is of great value in diagnosis. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been applied to different parts and organs of human body,no evidence showed tumor spreading along needle tract. In the past 30 years, esophagus balloon cytologic test has been used in China for about 360 000 person/time,severe hyperplasia of esophagus epithelium was found in about 10 000 cases, esophagus cancer or cardiac cancer was found in more than 27 000 cases, cancer of early stage was found in more than 2 800 cases. Among esophasgus cancer detected by esophagus exfoliative cytology, more than 80% were cancer of early stage with no clinical symptoms. The correctly diagnosis rate was 98.5%. Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) was widely used in clinics,more than 500 papers on relevant field have been published in China, including the application in different kinds of malignant tumors, such as stomach cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, and breast cancer. In differential diagnosis of malignant lymphoma and benign lymph node diseases, AgNOR is more valuable. Four suggestions for the future development of clinical oncocytology have been presented in this paper.
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PMID:[Retrospect and prospect of clinical oncocytological research]. 1560 69

A study of liver and colon cancers and their association with a previous diagnosis of schistosomiasis was performed in rural Sichuan, China. The data analysed came from 127 liver-cancer and 142 colon-cancer patients, each matched, by age, gender, hospital and township, with one or two controls. The cancer cases were identified from the hospital records of three Sichuan counties (all of which have some level of endemic schistosomiasis japonicum): Meishan (66 liver and 54 colon cases), Pujiang (16 liver and 22 colon cases) and Xichang (45 liver and 66 colon cases). Each control was selected using the hospital records for the same year the matched case of cancer was diagnosed, when the control had been found to have an illness other than cancer. Previous schistosomal infection was determined by examining the medical records at the county hospitals, searching the records at the local schistosomiasis-control stations or health-surveillance units, and, when no written record could be found, by interviews with the subjects or their relatives. Given the extremely strong association between hepatitis and liver cancer in China, only data from hepatitis-negative pairs were used in the analyses. Previous schistosomal infection was found to be significantly associated with both liver cancer (odds ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-13) and colon cancer (odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.8-6.1). The results indicate a fraction of disease attributable to schistosomiasis of 24% for colon cancer, and (among the hepatitis-negative population) one of 27% for liver cancer.
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PMID:A matched, case-control study of the association between Schistosoma japonicum and liver and colon cancers, in rural China. 1570 Dec 55

Chemosensitivity is affected by molecular biological factors, including factors related to the induction of apoptosis and the activity of proliferation. We analyzed immunohistochemically the expression of p53, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 in various types of cancers and assessed the correlation between this expression and chemosensitivity. Moreover, we investigated whether the expression of these factors could be a useful predictor for the clinical response to chemotherapy. Study subjects comprised 63 preoperative patients with untreated malignant tumors (9 with esophageal cancer, 12 with stomach cancer, 12 with colon cancer, 16 with liver cancer, and 14 with breast cancer). Immunohistochemical staining (the labeled streptavidin biotin technique: LSAB method) was used to assess expression of p53 protein, Bcl-2 protein, and Ki-67. A chemosensitivity test was carried out with the histoculture drug response assay method using four drugs: mitomycin C, 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride (ADM), and cisplatin (CDDP). Immunohistochemical studies for p53 were found to be useful for predicting chemosensitivity.
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PMID:Immunohistochemistry of p53, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 as predictors of chemosensitivity. 1590 38


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