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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been postulated that an infectious agent and/or specific sexual behaviour is involved in the aetiology of anal cancer, in analogy with the aetiology established for cancer of the cervix. A case-control study of 29,648 women with cancers registered in the Danish Cancer Registry during 1968-87 tested the hypothesis that anal cancer patients were more likely than patients with colon, stomach, or vulva cancer to have had a previous diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical cancer. The odds ratio of CIN, adjusted for age and year of diagnosis, for anal vs colon cancer was 5.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-8.3), that for anal vs stomach cancer 3.6 (2.1-6.0), and that for anal vs vulva cancer 1.6 (0.9-2.9). The median time from diagnosis of CIN to diagnosis of the registered cancer was 151 months for anal, 112 months for vulva, 114 months for colon, and 126 months for stomach cancer. The association with previous invasive cervical cancer was also investigated; no patient with cervical cancer in this second analysis had been included in the CIN analysis. The odds ratios were similar. In addition, anal cancer patients were significantly more likely to have had cervical cancer than were patients with vulva cancer (odds ratio 1.8 [1.0-3.9]). The strong association between anal cancer and CIN/invasive cervical cancer suggests that these cancers share common risk factors. The association is at least as strong as that between cervical and vulva cancer.
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PMID:Aetiological parallel between anal cancer and cervical cancer. 167 74

Incident cases of large bowel cancer from the Swiss canton of Vaud over the period 1974-88 were analyzed in relation to the distribution of site by sex, age, marital status and detailed subsite. A total of 1,968 cases were registered in males and 1,958 in females, corresponding to overall age-standardized (world) rates of 32.2/100,000 males and 22.4/100,000 females. The frequency of ascending and transverse colon cancer was lower in males (18.2% and 9.3%) than in females (23.1% and 10.0%, respectively), but cancers of the sigmoid colon and rectum were proportionally more frequent in males (34.0 and 30.0% versus 29.9 and 24.6% in females). Anal cancer accounted for 4.0% of large bowel cancers in females, but only 1.2% in males. Analysis of age-specific rates showed comparable values for ascending colon cancer in both sexes and in relation to each subsequent age group, as well as in sigmoid and rectal cancers up to middle age, while a male excess for the latter cancers became evident after age 55. A female excess for anal cancer was apparent in any subsequent age group. Information on marital status was available on 2,398 decreased subjects. Never married cases accounted for 12.2% of women and 8.1% of males. The excess of unmarried women was somewhat larger in the colon than in the sigma and rectum groups, but there was no evidence of excess of never married females for anal cancer. These data confirm that there are appreciable intersex heterogeneities in the descriptive epidemiology of various subsites of large bowel cancer, as well as complex interactions between sex and age, which may be related to female hormone correlates of intestinal carcinogenesis. Whatever the main biological mechanism(s), these data show noticeable similarities for both sexes in the descriptive epidemiology of cancers arising in the left colon and rectum, but noticeable differences with the right colon. Even more substantial are the differences with anal cancer, which should be linked to its venereal correlates.
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PMID:Patterns of large bowel cancer by subsite, age, sex and marital status. 186 55

During the period of the study, lower GI bleeding patients comprised a constant 1.6% of the total admitted patients at Hanyang University Hospital annually. There were no statistically significant changes according to year. The 970 cases were classified as follows: hemorrhoid and anal fissure 65.5%, malignant neoplasm 21.1% (rectal cancer 16.9%, sigmoid colon cancer 3.3%, anal cancer 0.9%), benign neoplasm 4.2%, ulcerative colitis 3.3%, infectious colitis 2.3%, ischemic colitis 1.8%, radiation colitis 1.3%, diverticulosis 0.3%, and others 0.2%. Ulcerative colitis and rectosigmoid cancer showed increasing trends, while other disease groups showed no change in the occurrence rate. Hemorrhoid and anal fissure developed mostly in the 30s age group, benign polyp and ulcerative colitis in the 40s age group, malignant neoplasm in the 50s age group, and ischemic colitis and radiation colitis in the 60s age group. There was no sexual predominance of lower GI bleeding. About 10% of the patients admitted to the hospital needed transfusions, particularly patients with ulcerative colitis (21.9%) and radiation colitis (23.1%). 20.2% of the patients improved with supportive measures and medical treatment and 79.8% underwent surgical operation. In particular, 51.2% of the patients with benign neoplasm underwent polypectomies.
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PMID:The causes and management of lower GI bleeding: a study based on clinical observations at Hanyang University Hospital. 188 40

Anal cancer is a rare tumour in Britain and its epidemiology has not previously been studied in this country. Several studies from the United States have shown an association between single marital status at the time of tumour registration (as a marker of male homosexuality in these populations) and the incidence of anal cancer. This study has used registry information on martial status for anal cancer and for colon cancer (controls) from the Thames, West of Scotland and West Midlands Cancer Registries. The registry data on marital status was validated using death certificate information. The relative risk of developing anal cancer was found to be significantly increased in single men for all three registries individually and for the combined data sets (OR 2.2' 95% CI 1.8-2.8). This accords with the findings of similar studies in the United States and supports the hypothesis that a sexually transmissible agent may be involved in the aetiology of anal cancer. For women, being unmarried was found to be protective against anal cancer in the combined data sets (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.5-0.8).
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PMID:Anal cancer and marital status. 238 45

To elucidate the risk factors for anal cancer, we interviewed and obtained blood specimens from 148 persons with anal cancer and from 166 controls with colon cancer in whom these diseases were diagnosed during 1978-1985. We found that in men, a history of receptive anal intercourse (related to homosexual behavior) was strongly associated with the occurrence of anal cancer (relative risk, 33.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 4.0 to 272.1). Anal intercourse was only weakly associated with the risk of anal cancer in women (relative risk, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 4.2). Among the subjects with squamous-cell anal cancer, 47.1 percent of homosexual men, 28.6 percent of heterosexual men, and 28.3 percent of women gave a history of genital warts, as compared with only 1 to 2 percent of controls and no patients with transitional-cell anal cancer. In patients without a history of warts, anal cancer was associated with a history of gonorrhea in heterosexual men (relative risk, 17.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 149.4) and with seropositivity for herpes simplex type 2 (relative risk, 4.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 8.8) and Chlamydia trachomatis (relative risk, 2.3; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 4.8) in women. Current cigarette smoking was a substantial risk factor in both women (relative risk, 7.7; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.5 to 17.2) and men (relative risk, 9.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.3 to 38.5). We conclude that homosexual behavior in men is a risk factor for anal cancer, and that squamous-cell anal cancer is also associated with a history of genital warts, an association suggesting that papillomavirus infection is a cause of anal cancer. Certain other genital infections and cigarette smoking are also associated with anal cancer.
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PMID:Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. 282 96

Treatment of human colonic cancer in early stages when the process is still limited to the colonic wall is primarily surgery. We wished to see if maltose tetrapalmitate (MTP) immunotherapy alone or in combination with radiotherapy (R) and cyclophosphamide (C) chemotherapy would be effective against primary colon cancer in a fashion similar to that reported by us for primary liver cancer (Anticancer Research 6: 245-250, 1986). One hundred female CD1 mice were subjected to dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treatment once a week for 26 weeks, a period one week before which, colon cancer was histologically documented in each animal of a group that was sacrificed. Surprisingly, many of the animals harboured early anal cancer as well. At 28 weeks, 85 of the available animals were divided into 6 groups that received: Gr. 1, no treatment; Gr. 2, MTP alone (M); Gr. 3, radiotherapy alone (R); Gr. 4, cyclosphophamide alone (C); Gr. 5, R + C; Gr. 6, M + R + C. Criteria of treatment efficacy were: number, size and staging of colorectal tumors and the incidence and the size of anal tumors at death. Mean survival time was also determined although it remained a questionable criterium since most animals died due to complication (hepatic toxicity, pyelonephritis, thrombose) elicited by DMH, R and C toxicities and not as a result of colonic tumor size or metastases. As a single therapy, M appeared to be superior to either R or C alone. However, R + C combination was effective and was further improved upon by its association with M. With the triple combination, (M + R + C), lesions of both cancers decreased in size and/or number and the colon cancer histologically eclipsed from 46% of the treated animals.
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PMID:Antitumor efficacies of maltose tetrapalmitate immunotherapy alone and in combinations with radiotherapy and with cyclophosphamide chemotherapy against dimethylhydrazine induced colon and anal cancers in CDI mice. 338 53

Some studies have reported an association of the GSTM1-null genotype with the risk of smoking-related cancers, such as lung, bladder, and colon cancer. Because the risk of anal cancer is strongly associated with a history of cigarette smoking, we examined whether the GSTM1-null genotype is a susceptibility marker for anal cancer. We obtained peripheral blood specimens from residents of western Washington who were diagnosed with squamous or transitional cell tumor of the anus between April 1991 and June 1994. Eligible for inclusion were persons 18-74 years of age, with either invasive or in situ lesions. Specimens were also obtained from controls identified via random-digit dialing of western Washington households. We determined GSTM1 genotypes of 71 cases and 360 controls by PCR using primer pair 5'-AACTCCCTGAAAAGCTAAAGC-3' and 5'-GTTGGGCTCAAATATACGGTGG-3'. The frequency of the GSTM1-null genotype in controls was approximately 57%; this differed little in relation to age, sex and smoking status. The incidence of anal cancer appeared to be reduced in persons with the GSTM1-null genotype; only 39.4% of cases had this genotype (age-adjusted odds ratio = 0.5, 95% confidence interval = 0.3-0.9). This inverse association was restricted to persons who had ever smoked cigarettes and was present in both women and men (and in the latter, in both those who had and did not have a male sexual partner). Our data strongly suggest that persons with the GSTM1-null genotype are not at increased risk of anal cancer, and may well be at a decreased risk.
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PMID:Glutathione S-transferase M1 genotypes and the risk of anal cancer: a population-based case-control study. 895 21

Up to now, no reliable methods for the pre- or intraoperative prediction of the nodal status are available in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Therefore, after the successful application of the sentinel lymph node concept in melanoma and breast cancer, ongoing research on this field is extended to gastrointestinal tumor entities. According to recent experiences, the most promising tumor entities are colon, gastric and anal cancer. First results with these patients indicate that the method could be a reliable predictor of the nodal status and, thus, may have important future implications for adjuvant therapy and the extent of surgery. The dye method for colon cancer and the combined method (dye and radiocolloid) for gastric cancer seem to be appropriate approaches, even when the general experience is still low. In rectal cancer, however, current experience failed yet to yield satisfying results. Up to now, anal cancer has not been a focus of publication, even when the concept seems to be very attractive for the evaluation of the inguinal lymph node status.
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PMID:Sentinel lymphonodectomy in gastrointestinal cancer--where are we now? 1223 84

Since the advent of HAART, the natural history of HIV disease has been changing, with decreased risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections and prolonged survival. Concurrently, a variety of non-AIDS-defining cancers have been reported with increased incidence in HIV-infected adults, including anal cancer, Hodgkin's disease, head and neck cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, basal cell cancer, squamous cell cancer of the skin, and melanoma. It appears that these tumors may have a more aggressive clinical course in HIV-infected people. Available data, however, suggest that antitumor response and survival in HIV-infected people with malignancy are improved in people with higher CD4 counts. The possible mechanisms for the increased incidence and altered clinical course of these malignancies in HIV-infected people remain unclear.
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PMID:Non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-infected people. 1285 61

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in gastrointestinal-(GI)-tract cancer is not yet of clinical relevance. Nevertheless, the results in the upper GI-tract promise to be helpful to individualize the indication for surgical therapy. SLNB in colon cancer still fails to show high validity to predict the nodal status, but may be helpful to clarify the prognostic role of micrometastases/isolated tumor cells. In anal cancer SLNB is able to guide the indication for groin irradiation.
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PMID:Sentinel lymph node biopsy for gastrointestinal cancers. 1772 66


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