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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Clinical trials show that hormone therapy (HT) is an effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms and vaginal dryness. HT improves other symptoms including sleep and quality of life in women who have menopause symptoms. In the Women's Health Initiative controlled clinical trials, both estrogen therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT) reduced fracture risk, neither reduced the risk of heart disease, and both increased the risk of stroke, deep vein thrombosis, and dementia. EPT, but not ET, increased breast cancer risk and reduced colon cancer risk. Differences between EPT and ET may reflect chance, baseline differences between the EPT and ET cohorts, or a progestin effect. Studies of younger women and lower HT doses with intermediate endpoints are beginning.
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PMID:The rise and fall of menopausal hormone therapy. 1576 Feb 83

The introduction of celecoxib (Celebrex, Figure 1; GD Searle and Co) as the first cyclooxygenase (COX)2 selective inhibitor in the US and the expected introduction of rofecoxib (Vioxx; Merck and Co Inc) as the first COX2 inhibitor with an acute pain indication, has prompted interest in this class of drugs as a possible therapeutic improvement on dual COX1/COX2 inhibitor NSAIDs, currently on the market. Recognition that the COX-2 enzyme may have a broader role than pain and inflammation has led to studies investigating the efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke, cardiovascular disease and colon cancer. Speakers at the second annual conference sponsored by IBC, addressed issues ranging from the basic concepts of COX2 specificity versus selectivity, pathways and regulatory factors related to COX2 expression, the principles underlying the possible broad implications of the COX2 mechanisms, as well as summaries of recently completed clinical trials supporting the clinical efficacy and safety of COX2 inhibitors in humans. The timeliness of this meeting is emphasized by the recent approval of rofecoxib by the FDA Arthritis Advisory panel and the initial reports in the media of toxicity attributed to celecoxib. Preclinical and limited clinical data presented suggest possible therapeutic roles for selective COX2 inhibitors in neurodegeneration due to both AD and stroke, the prevention and treatment of colon cancer, prevention of premature labor, as well as pain and inflammation.
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PMID:COX-2 inhibitors--IBC conference. 12-13 April 1999, Coronado, CA, USA. 1612 36

For many years, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) was considered the gold standard for the symptomatic treatment of menopause. Clinical trials have found that HRT reduces the symptoms of hot flashes and sweating, while also decreasing vaginal dryness and urinary tract infections. HRT has also been shown to be protective against colon cancer (37%) and hip fractures (34%). However, recent findings from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) have revealed that long-term HRT may actually lead to an increase in heart disease (29%), breast cancer (26%) and other adverse events, such as stroke (41%). Consequently, many women in the United States and abroad are actively looking for alternative treatments for menopause, including botanical dietary supplements.
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PMID:Do soy isoflavones cause endometrial hyperplasia? 1637 Feb 24

Since the discovery of COX-2, a second subtype of cyclooxygenase, selective inhibitors or "coxibs" were developed with the idea that this isoform was inducible at the site of inflammation whereas COX-1 was expressed constitutively in several tissues including gastric epithelium. This new class of non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents was though to be safer for ulcerations of the gastroinstestinal mucosa observed with non selective COX-2 inhibitors. Nevertheless, at the end of September 2004, Merck & Co announced the voluntary withdrawal of rofecoxib (Vioxx) worldwide because of an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This decision raised serious concerns about safety of selective COX-2 inhibitors which are actively marketed today, and the ones currently under development. The mechanism of this cardiovascular toxicity could lie in the inhibition of COX-2 itself, and thus be a class effect. On the other hand, these cardiovascular side effects could be limited on rofecoxib and be dependent on its chemical and/or pharmacological own properties. This hypothesis is undermined by the unexpected findings of one colon cancer study which has shown that celecoxib might also increase the chance of heart attack and stroke in some patients. In this review, we compared the different coxibs marketed to date on the basis of their clinical, pharmacological and chemical properties with the aim of providing some clues in the understanding of their potential or revealed "cardiovascular effects".
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PMID:Coxibs and cardiovascular side-effects: from light to shadow. 1653 64

Vitamin D from ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance, food, and supplements is receiving increased attention lately for its role in maintaining optimal health. Although the calcemic effects of vitamin D have been known for about a century, the non-calcemic effects have been studied intently only during the past two-three decades. The strongest links to the beneficial roles of UVB and vitamin D to date are for bone and muscle conditions and diseases. There is also a preponderance of evidence from a variety of studies that vitamin D reduces the risk of colon cancer, with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >33 ng/mL (82 nmol/L) associated with a 50% lower incidence of colorectal cancer. There is also reasonable evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. There is weaker, primarily ecologic, evidence for the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of an additional dozen types of cancer. There is reasonably strong ecologic and case-control evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases including such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and weaker evidence for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and stroke. It is noted that mechanisms whereby vitamin D exerts its effect are generally well understood for the various conditions and diseases discussed here.
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PMID:Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. 1654 42

Obesity and its related diseases are the leading cause of death in western society, with associated risks of hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and breast, prostate and colon cancer. Recent epidemiologic data indicate an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in association with adult obesity. There is now convincing evidence that, in both human and animal models, the in utero environment may impact on fetal developmental processes, altering offspring homeostatic regulatory mechanisms. "Gestational programming" may result in altered cell number, organ structure, hormonal set points or gene expression, with effects being permanent or expressed only at select offspring ages (e.g., newborn, adult). Our laboratory and others have demonstrated that low birth weight rats, induced by maternal food restriction or uterine artery ligation, paradoxically develop adult obesity with glucose intolerance and hypertension. Recent studies indicate alterations in peripheral (hepatic) and central (hippocampus) IGF-1 gene expression and epigenetic regulation among these offspring. These findings suggest that potential risk factors for the development of Alzheimer's disease may be present as early as newborn life.
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PMID:Gestational programming of offspring obesity: a potential contributor to Alzheimer's disease. 1743 Feb 49

Obesity is a major public health problem associated with a wide range of health problems. This study estimates the prevalence of obesity, calculates the proportion (or population-attributable fraction [PAF]) of major chronic diseases which is attributable to obesity, estimates the deaths attributable to it and projects its future prevalence trends. In Canada, the overall age-standardized prevalence proportion of obesity has increased from 10 percent in 1970 to 23% in 2004 (8 percent to 23 percent in men and 13 percent to 22 percent in women). The increasing prevalence of obesity was observed for all five age groups examined: 20-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and 65+. On average, the PAF of prevalence of selected major chronic diseases which is attributable to obesity from 1970 to 2004 has increased by 138 percent for men and by 60 percent for women. Overall, in 2004, 45 percent of hypertension, 39 percent of type II diabetes, 35 percent of gallbladder disease, 23 percent of coronary artery diseases (CAD), 19 percent of osteoarthritis, 11 percent of stroke, 22 percent of endometrial cancer, 12 percent of postmenopausal breast cancer, and 10 percent of colon cancer could be attributed to obesity. In 2004, 8,414 (95 percent CI: 6,881-9,927) deaths were attributable to obesity. If current obesity prevalence trends remain unchanged, the prevalence proportion of obesity in Canada is projected to reach 27 percent in men and 24 percent in women by the year 2010. These increases will have a profound impact on the treatment needs and prevalence of a wide variety of chronic diseases, and also on the health care system in terms of capacity issues and resource allocation.
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PMID:The burden of adult obesity in Canada. 1762 59

In contrast to observational studies, clinical trials examining the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) have shown the overall negative or deteriorating effects of HRT in postmenopausal women. Particularly, the results of Women's Health Initiative (WHI) demonstrated that HRT was preventive of fractures and colon cancer but increased the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and dementia in addition to breast cancer and venous thromboembolism. Conversely, recent progress in androgen research suggests the efficacy of androgen replacement therapy in elderly men, pending clinical trials.
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PMID:[Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy]. 1818 60

This review of the literature provides an update on the scientific biological and psychosocial bases for Canada's physical activity guide for healthy active living, with particular reference to the effect of physical activity on the health of adults aged 20-55 years. Existing physical activity guidelines for adults from around the world are summarized briefly and compared with the Canadian guidelines. The descriptive epidemiology of physical activity and inactivity in Canada is presented, and the strength of the relationship between physical activity and specific health outcomes is evaluated, with particular emphasis on minimal and optimal physical activity requirements. Finally, areas requiring further investigation are highlighted. Summarizing the findings, Canadian and most international physical activity guidelines advocate moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week. Physical activity appears to reduce the risk for over 25 chronic conditions, in particular coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, breast cancer, colon cancer, type 2 diabetes, and osteoporosis. Current literature suggests that if the entire Canadian population followed current physical activity guidelines, approximately one third of deaths related to coronary heart disease, one quarter of deaths related to stroke and osteoporosis, 20% of deaths related to colon cancer, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, and 14% of deaths related to breast cancer could be prevented. It also appears that the prevention of weight gain and the maintenance of weight loss require greater physical activity levels than current recommendations.
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PMID:Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults. 1821 40

This Practice Point commentary discusses a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial by Cummings et al. that investigated the effects of tibolone 1.25 mg per day in 4,534 postmenopausal women (mean age 68 years) with osteoporosis. Tibolone is a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestational and androgenic effects. It has been used as an alternative to estrogen to treat menopausal symptoms for 30 years. Cummings et al. found that tibolone reduced the incidence of vertebral fractures by 45%, nonvertebral fractures by 26%, breast cancer by 68% and colon cancer by 69%. The trial was discontinued 2 months before a median treatment time of 3 years because the major end point (reduction of fractures) was reached. In addition, tibolone increased the risk of stroke, although the absolute risk was small. Similarly to other compounds with estrogenic activity that increase the risk of stroke, such as estrogen and selective estrogen-receptor modulators, clinicians must weigh the risks and benefits of therapy for individual patients. This risk might be lower in women aged 50-60 years than in those aged >60 years.
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PMID:Does tibolone reduce the risk of fracture in older postmenopausal women with osteoporosis? 1870 72


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