Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Vitamin D from ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiance, food, and supplements is receiving increased attention lately for its role in maintaining optimal health. Although the calcemic effects of vitamin D have been known for about a century, the non-calcemic effects have been studied intently only during the past two-three decades. The strongest links to the beneficial roles of UVB and vitamin D to date are for bone and muscle conditions and diseases. There is also a preponderance of evidence from a variety of studies that vitamin D reduces the risk of colon cancer, with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D or serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels >33 ng/mL (82 nmol/L) associated with a 50% lower incidence of colorectal cancer. There is also reasonable evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of breast, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. There is weaker, primarily ecologic, evidence for the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of an additional dozen types of cancer. There is reasonably strong ecologic and case-control evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of autoimmune diseases including such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, and weaker evidence for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and stroke. It is noted that mechanisms whereby vitamin D exerts its effect are generally well understood for the various conditions and diseases discussed here.
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PMID:Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. 1654 42

Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have had a significant impact in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Rituximab's development as an anti-CD20 antibody heralded a new era in treatment approaches for NHL. While rituximab was first shown to be effective in the treatment of relapsed follicular lymphoma, it is now standard monotherapy for front-line treatment of follicular lymphoma, and is also used in conjunction with chemotherapy for other indolent, intermediate and aggressive B-cell lymphomas. The development of rituximab has led to intense interest in this type of therapeutic approach and to development and approval of the radioimmunoconjugates of rituximab, (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and (131)I-tositumomab, which have added to the repertoire of treatments for relapsed follicular lymphoma and increased interest in developing other conjugated antibodies. Since rituximab is a chimeric antibody, there is a need to develop fully humanised antibodies, such as IMMU-106 (hA20), in order to minimise infusion reactions and eliminate the development of human antibodies against the drug. Further clinical evaluation of antibodies has been based largely on our knowledge of antigen expression on the surface of lymphoma cells and has led to the development of antibodies against CD22 (unconjugated epratuzumab and calicheamicin conjugated CMC-544 [inotuzumab ozogamicin]), CD80 (galiximab), CD52 (alemtuzumab), CD2 (MEDI-507 [siplizumab]), CD30 (SGN-30 and MDX-060 [iratumumab]), and CD40 (SGN-40). Furthermore, the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) inhibitor bevacizumab, which was first approved for the treatment of colon cancer is currently under investigation in NHL, and agonists rather than antibodies to TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) [rApo2L/TRAIL, HGS-ETR1{mapatumumab}, HGS-ETR2] are currently being investigated as treatments for both advanced solid tumours and NHL. Knowledge of the ability of cancer cells to become resistant to a targeted therapy by activating an alternative pathway to evade apoptosis has driven studies that combine antibodies such as epratuzumab plus rituximab (ER) or ER plus chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) [ER-CHOP], inotuzumab ozogamicin plus rituximab, alemtuzumab plus CHOP (CHOP-C), bevacizumab plus rituximab, and now the combination of rApo2L/TRAIL plus rituximab. As a result of the expansion of research in this area, several treatment-specific adverse effects have been noted, including infusion-related reactions for rituximab, myelosuppression secondary to (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan and (131)I-tositumomab, and immunosuppression leading to infectious complications for alemtuzumab. Also, soluble forms of the antigens (sCD30) are now being investigated as potential mechanisms of resistance to antibody treatments by binding the antibody before the drug can bind to the lymphoma cell. In addition, it has also become apparent that these antibodies often have a dose-dependent half-life (rituximab) or long half-lives of up to 2-3 weeks (epratuzumab and galiximab) with a consequent delay to a response, thus influencing how long we should wait for a response before declaring an antibody to be ineffective. Antibody-based therapeutic approaches have already had a profound impact on the treatment of NHL, and it is almost certain that, as their clinical development progresses, we will continue to refine the optimum methods of incorporating these drugs in NHL treatment in order to offer our patients the best clinical benefits.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 1733 94

The theory that increasing cancer incidence rates in developed countries are primarily the consequence of an expanding ageing population and improved diagnostic testing is widely held. In the United Kingdom the proportion of people aged 50 and over has increased by 45% since 1951 and this proportion is set to increase by a further 36% by the year 2031, so the United Kingdom does indeed have an expanding ageing population. However, the increase in cancer incidence affects people across the whole age spectrum. To test the hypothesis that the age of onset of cancer (overall and specific) in England and Wales is decreasing over time we have developed The Cancer Incidence Temporality Index (CITI), which gives a crude measurement of the portion of the population, in which cancer incidence is rising fastest over time: I=(SigmaO(a)/ SigmaE(a))/(SigmaO(a)/SigmaE(a)), where I is the CITI value, O is the observed number of cases and E is the expected number of cases; 'a' and 'b' refer to separate summation ranges for younger and older age groups. Population data and cancer incidence data in England and Wales, 1971-1999 were obtained from the UK Office for National Statistics. The trends in CITI values have been shown graphically for cancer overall and for specific tumour sites. The impact of diagnostic testing is also addressed. The results of this study suggest that the average age of onset of prostate, breast and cervical cancer is temporally decreasing. The study also suggests that for cancer overall the trend for the age of onset of cancer in males has stabilised since 1990 and has started to reverse in females from 1995 despite the expanding ageing population. A similar trend is observed for leukaemias. The CITI analysis for colon cancer shows that the age of onset in both males and females is increasing over time. The trend for ovarian cancer is similar to that for colon cancer. The CITI analysis for NHL in males is similar to that for colon cancer, however, in females the trend stabilised after 1990. The CITI may aid prediction of changes in the age of onset of cancer and thus aid targeted aetiological research. In addition, we suggest the need for a mathematical model, which may measure the changes in the age of onset of cancer in units of time.
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PMID:The cancer incidence temporality index: an index to show temporal changes in the age of onset of overall and specific cancer (England and Wales, 1971-1999). 1758 28

Using the fixed-effect model, the author quantitatively estimated the risks of cancers of the colon, bladder, kidneys, and brain as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia among firefighters. The risk of these six cancers was not markedly elevated when cohort mortality studies were considered. When all mortality studies were considered, however, there was a mild increase in risk for kidney cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with a summary relative risk (sumRR) of 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.43) and 1.40 (95% CI = 1.20-1.60), respectively. A subcohort analysis based on duration of employment revealed that firefighters with 30 or more years of employment had a significantly increased mortality risk for colon cancer, sumRR of 1.51 (95% CI = 1.05-2.11); kidney cancer, sumRR of 6.25 (95% CI = 1.70-16.00); brain cancer, sumRR of 2.53 (95% CI = 1.27 7.07); and leukemia, sumRR of 2.87 (95% CI = 1.43-5.14). After firefighters had 40 or more years of employment, their risk of mortality was significantly increased for colon cancer, sumRR of 4.71 (95% CI = 2.03-9.27); kidney cancer, sumRR of 36.12 (95% CI = 4.03-120.42); and bladder cancer, sumRR of 5.7 (95% CI = 1.56-14.63). The risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was elevated but not significantly so among firefighters with 20 or more years of employment, with sumRR of 1.72 (95% CI = 0.90-3.31). Kidney cancer risk was significantly elevated as early as the second decade of employment.
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PMID:Risk of cancer among firefighters: a quantitative review of selected malignancies. 1789 91

Recent ecological studies have suggested a possible association between exposure to ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation and reduction in the risk of various cancers; however, ecological studies are known to be subject to bias. The objective of this study was to demonstrate difficulties with the ecological approach. We conducted a multicountry ecological study using cancer incidence rates, residential UV levels, dietary intake, and different sociodemographic variables for 38 locations spanning 33 countries worldwide. The effect of residential UV exposure on cancer incidence was assessed using multiple linear regression models. The results of our multivariate analyses show no indication of an inverse association between residential UV levels and the risk of colon, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), ovarian, prostate, or breast cancer in women. For colon cancer and NHL, a significant positive association was calculated. The rates of melanoma, which were used to examine the methods of this study, showed a strong and significant (P<0.01) association with solar radiation. Our results provide no evidence to support previous ecological results that UV exposure may reduce the risk of NHL, colon, breast, ovary, or prostate cancer. The study demonstrates the high sensitivity of ecological studies to adjustments for various confounders, and casts doubts on results of ecological analyses in this field.
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PMID:Assessment of ecological regression in the study of colon, breast, ovary, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, or prostate cancer and residential UV. 1856 66

Frank Caldwell Garland, Ph.D., died August 17, 2010 after a year-long battle with cancer. He will be remembered for his seminal work with his brother Cedric F. Garland in proposing the ultraviolet-B (UVB)-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis to explain the geographical variation of colon cancer mortality rates in the United States in 1980. This hypothesis has been extended to about 20 types of cancer using the ecological approach, and supported strongly by observational studies of prediagnostic serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] for incidence of breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer, and a randomized controlled trial that used sufficient vitamin D (1,150 IU/day) to and found a strongly beneficial effect on cancer incidence. The UVB-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis is also supported by studies that used as the index of solar UVB irradiance the amount of sunlight exposure in childhood or incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer. Survival after diagnosis was increased for individuals with higher serum 25(OH)D levels at the time of cancer diagnosis for six types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancer; melanoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The ecological study approach is ideally suited to studying cancer risk-modifying factors since the lag between cancer initiation and detection or death can be 20-40 years or more, making ordinary observational studies difficult. The impact on vitamin D research by both Frank Garland and Cedric Garland has been immense. Health policy leaders will realize this in the near future, providing a rich legacy for humanity.
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PMID:Dr. Frank caldwell garland, june 20, 1950-august 17, 2010. 2154 96

The reported incidence of synchronous multiple primary cancer (SMPC) is rare, and it is even less common to observe synchronous solid tumor with a hematological malignancy. We report five cases of solid tumor presented synchronously with hematological malignancy, all observed within a 2 year period at the oncology department of a university hospital in Shanghai, China. These individual cases included lung adenocarcinoma with chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer with solitary plasmocytoma, gastric adenocarcinoma with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung adenocarcinoma with multiple myeloma, and colon cancer with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is challenging to therapeutically control the biological behavior of concurrent multiple primary tumors, and there is no standard treatment for such rare conditions. In this paper we discuss these five cases of SMPC and their treatments.
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PMID:Five cases report of solid tumor synchronously with hematologic malignancy. 2250 Jan 63

The initial aim of this study was to identify novel serum diagnostic markers for the human ovarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT), a tumor that represents up to 5% of all ovarian cancers. To circumvent the paucity of human tissues available for analyses, we used the Ctnnb1(tm1Mmt/+);Pten(tm1Hwu/tmiHwu);Amhr2(tm3(cre)Bhr/+) transgenic mouse model, which features the constitutive activation of CTNNB1 signaling combined with the loss of Pten in granulosa cells and develops GCTs that mimic aggressive forms of the human disease. Proteomic profiling by mass spectrometry showed that vinculin, enolase 1, several heat shock proteins, and valosin containing protein (VCP) were more abundantly secreted by cultured mouse GCT cells compared to primary cultured GC. Among these proteins, only VCP was present in significantly increased levels in the preoperative serum of GCT cancer patients compared to normal subjects. To determine the specificity of VCP, serum levels were also measured in ovarian carcinoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and breast, colon, pancreatic, lung, and prostate cancer patients. Increased serum VCP levels were observed in the majority of cancer cases, with the exception of patients with lung or prostate cancer. Moreover, serum VCP levels were increased in some GCT, ovarian carcinoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer patients who did not otherwise display increased levels of widely used serum tumor markers for their cancer type (e.g. inhibin A, inhibin B, CA125, CEA, or CA15.3). These results demonstrate the potential use of VCP as highly sensitive serum marker for GCT as well as several other human cancers.
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PMID:Proteomic profiling of a mouse model for ovarian granulosa cell tumor identifies VCP as a highly sensitive serum tumor marker in several human cancers. 2287 Mar 30

We compared the incidence of cancer among Turkish, Chilean, and North African (NA) first-generation immigrants with residents in their countries of origin and native Swedes. The Swedish Family-Cancer Database was used to calculate age-standardized incidence rates. We compared the age-standardized incidence rates for immigrants with those in the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents report. All-cancer rates were decreased in Turks (men) and Chileans and increased in NAs compared with the residents in their countries of origin. The rates of stomach cancer in Chileans and lung cancer in Turkish men were decreased, whereas Turkish women had an increased rate of lung cancer. Furthermore, the rate of prostate cancer in Turks and NAs and nervous system tumors in NA men and Turkish women were increased. Chileans had higher rates of stomach and testicular cancers and lower rates of colon cancer, nervous system tumors, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma compared with Swedes. Higher rates of male lung cancer and female thyroid cancer, and lower rates of male rectal and kidney cancers and nervous system tumors, and female stomach and colon cancers were observed among Turks compared with Swedes. The differences observed in all-cancer rates among immigrants were mostly attributable to decreased rates of stomach and lung cancers or an increased rate of prostate cancer after migration. We observed increased rates of colon, breast, and nervous system cancers after migration, whereas the rates of testicular, kidney and thyroid cancers, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma remained unchanged.
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PMID:Cancer incidence among Turkish, Chilean, and North African first-generation immigrants in Sweden compared with residents in the countries of origin and native Swedes. 2295 39

Night work might influence cancer risk, possibly via suppression of melatonin release. In a population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between 1979 and 1985, job histories, including work hours, were elicited from 3,137 males with incident cancer at one of 11 anatomic sites and from 512 controls. Compared with men who never worked at night, the adjusted odds ratios among men who ever worked at night were 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25, 2.47) for lung cancer, 2.03 (95% CI: 1.43, 2.89) for colon cancer, 1.74 (95% CI: 1.22, 2.49) for bladder cancer, 2.77 (95% CI: 1.96, 3.92) for prostate cancer, 2.09 (95% CI: 1.40, 3.14) for rectal cancer, 2.27 (95% CI: 1.24, 4.15) for pancreatic cancer, and 2.31 (95% CI: 1.48, 3.61) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Equivocal evidence or no evidence was observed for cancers of the stomach (odds ratio (OR) = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.85, 2.10), kidney (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.86, 2.35), and esophagus (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.80, 2.84) and for melanoma (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.49, 2.22). There was no evidence of increasing risk with increasing duration of night work, with risks generally being increased across all duration categories. Results suggest that night work may increase cancer risk at several sites among men.
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PMID:Night work and the risk of cancer among men. 2380 83


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