Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Progestogens should be added to estrogen replacement therapy, not only to prevent endometrial cancer in women with a uterus, but also to reduce the risk of breast cancer in some women. Smoking should be discouraged to reduce the risk for both lung cancer and heart disease. Recommendations should be made to increase fiber intake to lessen the risk for carcinoma of the colon. Reducing fat intake also decreases risk for colon cancer, as well as carcinoma of the breast. Postmenopausal bleeding must be investigated for early diagnosis of endometrial cancer and, when endometrial hyperplasia is the finding, it should be treated with progestogens to prevent adenocarcinoma. The progestogen challenge test is recommended for all women with a uterus, and if bleeding occurs, the progestogen should be continued for 13 days each month. Use of mammograms and other diagnostic modalities should be increased to make the earliest possible diagnosis of breast cancer.
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PMID:Cancer in the older woman: diagnosis and prevention. 304 28

Instability at microsatellite repeat sequences (MI) has been observed in endometrial carcinomas (EC) arising sporadically or in association with the hereditary colon cancer syndrome. However, the clinical and pathological features of the EC with MI have not been characterized. DNA of 42 patients with EC was extracted from blood and from fresh-frozen and paraffin-embedded tumor tissue. Microsatellite loci on chromosomes 4, 5, 10, 12, 17, and 18 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. MI was defined by a mobility shift in the tumor DNA as compared with normal DNA. Results were correlated with the clinical and pathological features of the tumors. MI at three or more loci was detected in 12 of 42 cases (28%). There were no significant differences between EC with and without MI with regard to age of presentation, stage, evidence of estrogenic stimulation, mucinous differentiation, estrogen receptor, c-erbB2, or p53 immunostaining. However, MI was more frequent in endometrioid (11/33, 33.3%) than in nonendometrioid (1/9, 11%) carcinomas. Only one papillary serous carcinomas showed MI. MI was found in one of two cases of endometrial hyperplasia adjacent to EC. It was concluded that MI is a common genetic abnormality of endometrial carcinoma and appears to be more frequent in endometrioid than in nonendometrioid tumors.
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PMID:Microsatellite instability in endometrial carcinomas: clinicopathologic correlations in a series of 42 cases. 978 37

Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy represents an area of outstanding importance in preventive medicine that greatly affects personal well-being as well as public health. The number of women living in the United States who are 50 years or older has been estimated at nearly 50 million. Many of those women are likely to be eligible for postmenopausal hormone replacement, which may consist either of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in women without a uterus or, more frequently, estrogen/progestin combination therapy (HRT) in women with a uterus. This chapter first presents an overview of general regulatory requirements pertaining to the design and conduct of clinical studies in support of marketing approval for a drug product. These requirements include, but are not restricted to, studies in HRT. The chapter next discusses the design and conduct of clinical trials in support of marketing approval for the indications: treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy; prevention of osteoporosis; and protection by adjunctive progestin against estrogen-induced endometrial hyperplasia/cancer in women with a uterus. Finally, data related to the potential cardioprotective action of HRT and its protection against Alzheimer's disease and colon cancer are discussed.
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PMID:Design and conduct of clinical trials in hormone replacement therapy. 1159 62

Besides the contraceptive effect of the various hormonal contraceptives, it is intended to demonstrate the non-contraceptive health benefits for treatment and prevention of bleeding problems, menstruation-related pain and other disorders, such as premenstrual syndrome and signs of androgenization. The effectiveness can be improved by choosing the proper progestogen with antiandrogenic action. Treatment but also prevention can be achieved with hormonal contraceptives in benign proliferative diseases of women, such as ovarian cysts, endometriosis, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, myoma and benign breast disease. Furthermore, hormonal contraceptives such as estrogen/progestogen combinations reduce pelvic inflammatory disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma symptoms and preserve bone density. In addition, a major impact in oncological prevention seems to be possible for ovarian, endometrial and colon cancer and these positive preventive effects seem to persist also after discontinuation of hormonal contraceptives. In addition, practical concepts for hormonal contraceptive selection will be outlined.
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PMID:Non-contraceptive benefits of hormonal contraceptives. 2082 49

Hysterectomy is the empirical treatment for female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) without robust evidence to prove its efficacy. Uphold transvaginal mesh (TVM) system is an innovated device with smaller area, superior anterior/apical support with single incision to treat POP. The prospective cohort study aims to evaluate Uphold TVM's performance with or without concomitant hysterectomy. Inclusion criteria specify patients suffering from stage 2 or more anterior/apical prolapse without previous hysterectomy. Exclusion criteria specify those with contraindications to uterine preservation, such as leiomyomas, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, abnormal uterine bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, cervical dysplasia, receiving tamoxifen treatment, family history of gynecology cancer, or colon cancer and incapability to be routinely followed. Thirty patients are recruited in the hysterectomy group and 66 patients in the hysteropexy group. The results demonstrate that patients with Uphold mesh only experience longer vaginal length, shorter operation duration, less blood loss and less post-operation pain. The performance in anatomical correction, lower urinary tract symptoms improvement, de novo dyspareunia, urodynamic study parameters and mesh extrusion rates are comparable with or without uterus preservation. The information is useful in pre-operation counseling, when the patient can make an educated choice whether or not to receive concomitant hysterectomy.
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PMID:Comparison of UpholdTM Vaginal Mesh Procedure with Hysterectomy or Uterine Preservation for the Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse. 2993 Feb 49

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) remains the most effective treatment for menopausal symptoms and has been shown to prevent bone loss and fracture. The progestogen is added to provide endometrial protection in women with an intact uterus. After the publication of the initial WHI (Women's Health Initiative) results in 2002 reporting an overall increased risk of breast cancer, many women discontinued HRT. Despite the re-analysis of the results by subgroups of patients and updates with extended follow-up, much controversy remains, which we will analyze later in the text. Different types of estrogen or progestogen, as well as different formulations, doses, and durations, may play a role in HRT's effects on breast tissue. Evidence states that conjugated equine estrogen (CEE), compared to estro-progestin therapy, shows a better profile risk (HR 0.79, CI 0.65-0.97) and that, among different type of progestins, those structurally related to testosterone show a higher risk (RR 3.35, CI 1.07-10.4). Chronic unopposed endometrial exposure to estrogen increases the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, whereas the association with progestins, especially in continuous combined regimen, seems to reduce the risk (RR 0.71, CI 0.56-0.90). HRT was also associated with a protective effect on colon cancer risk (HR 0.61, CI 0.42-0.87). Data about ovarian and cervical cancer are still controversial.
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PMID:Current Evidence of the Oncological Benefit-Risk Profile of Hormone Replacement Therapy. 3150 Feb 61