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Nutrition has always been a subject of great interest to athletes. In recent years use of exercise has, however, expanded from competitive sports to prevention/management of chronic diseases and maintenance of optimal health. Exercise is recommended in the prevention/management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, obesity, mental health, colon cancer, stroke and back injury. Similarly, there is evidence that certain nutrients (e.g., vitamins C and E, beta-carotene and calcium) may reduce the risk of certain cancers, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, hypertension and cataract. Thus, there seems to be concordance between the health benefits of exercise and certain nutrients. However, several human and animal studies suggest that strenuous exercise may promote free radical production, leading to lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. On the other hand, there is evidence that vitamins C and E and beta-carotene may protect against such damage. Thus, concordance between the health benefits of exercise and nutrition and a compensatory role of antioxidant nutrients against the potentially harmful effects of exercise suggests that nutrition and exercise should form important components of any regimen for prevention of chronic diseases and/or promotion of optimal health.
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PMID:A current perspective on nutrition and exercise. 154 45

Vigorous physical activity can improve the health of both adults and children. Among adults, regular physical activity can reduce risk for chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, colon cancer, and depression, as well as lower all-cause death rates (1,2). Among children, regular physical activity can reduce chronic disease risk factors such as obesity, elevated cholesterol, and hypertension (3). Physical activity patterns established during childhood may extend into adulthood (4). This report examines the prevalence of vigorous physical activity among U.S. students in grades 9-12.
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PMID:Vigorous physical activity among high school students--United States, 1990. 173 Nov 78

Regular physical activity increases a person's ability to perform daily activities with greater vigor and may reduce the risk for specific health problems, including coronary heart disease (1), hypertension (2), noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (3), colon cancer (4), and depression (5), as well as lower all-cause death rates (6). In addition to extracurricular activities (e.g., sports and recreational organizations), high school physical education (PE) classes provide an opportunity to ensure a minimal, regular amount of desirable physical activity and help establish physical activity patterns that may extend into adulthood. This report examines the prevalence of self-reported enrollment, attendance, and participation in PE classes by students in grades 9-12.
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PMID:Participation of high school students in school physical education--United States, 1990. 188 83

Breast cancer, prostate cancer, coronary heart disease and colon cancer belong to the so-called Western diseases and a general opinion is that diet is a significant or even the main factor increasing incidence and mortality of these diseases in the Western world. This review describes studies carried out in this department for about 10 years, many in collaboration with scientists abroad, and with the aim to clarify some of the connections between the diet and sex hormone, lipid and bile acid metabolism. A Western-type diet elevates plasma levels of sex hormones and decreases the sex hormone binding globulin concentration, increasing the bioavailability of these steroids. The same diet results in low formation of mammalian lignans and isoflavonic phytoestrogens. These diphenolic compounds seem to affect hormone metabolism and production and cancer cell growth by many different mechanisms making them candidates for a role as cancer protective substances. The precursors of these diphenols are to be found in fiber-rich unrefined grain products, various seeds, beans and probably also in pulses, peas and berries. Some types of fiber seem to influence sex hormone and bile acid metabolism mainly by partial interruption of the enterohepatic circulation, by alteration of intestinal metabolism and by increasing fecal excretion of these compounds. The sex hormone pattern found in connection with a Western-type diet is prevailing in the breast cancer patients, but is only partly a result of the diet.
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PMID:Western diet and Western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. 217 56

South Asian immigrants to England and Wales have low mortality from colon cancer and high mortality from coronary heart disease compared with the general population. In a survey of a predominantly Gujarati population in northwest London, both vegetarians and nonvegetarians had similar total dietary fat intake to the native British population but higher dietary fiber intake. Total fecal bile acid and neutral animal sterol concentrations were lower in South Asians than in a native British comparison group. Sixty-two percent of South Asians excreted detectable quantities of free primary bile acids, which were not present in stools from native British subjects. The ratio of fecal coprostanol to total neutral animal sterols was also lower in South Asians. Low risk of colon cancer in this population may be related to reduced microbial activity in the bowel and low levels of tumor-promoting secondary bile acids.
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PMID:Diet and fecal steroid profile in a South Asian population with a low colon-cancer rate. 275 Jun 87

Asian immigrants to England and Wales have high mortality from coronary heart disease but low mortality from colon cancer. A survey of Asians in the London boroughs of Brent and Harrow was undertaken with the object of investigating this. Compared with the British population, the Asians consumed less saturated (S) fat and cholesterol and more polyunsaturated (P) fat and vegetable fibre. The P/S ratio of the Asians' diet was 0.85 compared with 0.28 in the British population: this was reflected in the very high linoleic acid content of their plasma lipids. The plasma total cholesterol and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol of Asian men was similar to that of a British comparison group; the concentrations in Asian women were much lower than in British women. Smoking rates were low in both Asian men and Asian women. The high rates of coronary heart disease in Asian immigrants are not explained by the levels of these risk factors.
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PMID:Diet and risk factors for coronary heart disease in Asians in northwest London. 286 67

People at risk from coronary heart disease and large bowel cancer are drawn from the same urbanised, industrialised Western populations. Whilst changes in blood lipids are well recognised in heart disease, little is known of their role in large bowel cancer. This study investigates serial alterations in blood lipids in the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) rat model of colon cancer. Eighty Wistar rats received a 5 weekly regimen of DMH. At week 10, and at 5 weekly intervals until week 40, random groups of 10 rats were killed and blood taken for total and free cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides and liver enzymes. All colonic neoplasms were histologically classified either as adenomas or carcinomas with groups being allocated into tumour-free (n = 16) or tumour-bearing (n = 54), the latter group being further sub-divided into animals with adenoma alone (n = 8) and those with carcinoma (n = 46). Results were considered both sequentially and according to tumour status. Sequential results showed that with increase in colonic neoplasms with time there were accompanying increases in free and % free cholesterol and in phospholipids (P less than 0.001). There were no changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides or liver enzymes. Results according to tumour status showed that whilst there was no difference in total cholesterol or triglycerides between tumour-free and tumour-bearing rats, there was a significant increase in free (P less than 0.01) and % free cholesterol (P less than 0.001) and a decrease in phospholipids in the tumour-bearing animals (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in any serum lipid between tumour-free and adenoma-bearing rats. In animals with carcinoma, while there was no difference in total cholesterol or triglycerides, there was an increase in free (P less than 0.005) and % free cholesterol (P less than 0.001) and a decrease in phospholipids (P less than 0.001) compared to tumour-free rats. The data show for the first time a clear relationship between blood lipids and the presence or absence of large bowel cancer.
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PMID:Changes in serum lipids related to the presence of experimental colon cancer. 368 62

It is generally accepted that most colorectal cancers arise from adenomatous polyps and most coronary heart disease is caused by severe atherosclerosis. In order to compare the frequency of these disease precursors in men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii, the degree of atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries was estimated by the panel method in 288 male autopsy subjects. The extent of atherosclerosis was then compared in men who did or did not have adenomatous polyps as determined at autopsy. The degree of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and aorta was positively and significantly related not only to the presence of adenomatous polyps, but to their size, multiplicity, and degree of atypia as well. This study suggests that shared environmental events could account for the development of severe atherosclerosis and adenomatous polyps. At the same time, it has been observed that hawaii Japanese men experience colon and rectal cancer rates higher than those of US Whites, but their coronary heart disease (CHD) rates are intermediate between the low rates of Japan and the high rates of the US white population. These differences in disease trends and differences in the serum cholesterol and fat intake of Hawaii Japanese men with CHD and colon cancer have suggested that men with these diseases represent different subsets of the westernized Japanese population. If CHD and colon cancer occur in different subsets of this population, they must stem from the accumulation of other risk factors superimposed upon the initiators of their precursor lesions.
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PMID:Adenomatous polyps and atherosclerosis: an autopsy study of Japanese men in Hawaii. 379 59

This study assesses the impact of fat and energy consumption upon cancer risk in a prospective study of 8,006 Japanese men, who have developed 885 incidence cancers since initial examinations were completed between 1965 and 1968. Energy intake was not related to any incidence cancer. The mean total fat intake was unrelated to the risk of developing cancers in the stomach (n = 130), lung (n = 145), urinary bladder (n = 51), pancreas (n = 25), prostate (n = 141), liver (n = 22). There was a weak inverse association between mean fat intake and colon cancer. There was a statistically significant inverse relation between mean daily fat intake and all other cancers (n = 118). There was a weakly positive association between fat intake and rectal cancer (n = 71). When assessed on the basis of quartiles of fat intake, there was a statistically significant negative association with colon cancer risk (p = 0.03); and weaker negative trends for lung cancer (p = 0.076) and all other cancers (0.076). These findings are in essential agreement with the results of a 10-year mortality study of the cohort. The fat intake of men who have developed cancer is substantially lower than that of men who have developed coronary heart disease. These findings cast doubt upon the importance of fat intake as a risk factor for cancer at sites other than the rectum.
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PMID:Cancer risk in relation to fat and energy intake among Hawaii Japanese: a prospective study. 391 98

Comparisons of Hawaiian Japanese with Japanese living in Japan identify several differences between the 2 populations. The Hawaiian Japanese are heavier and taller; they consume more fat and protein; they have higher levels of serum cholesterol, more frequent fecal mutagens, and more frequent adenomatous polyps and diverticulae. These differences offer indirect support to the concept that the consumption of a Western diet favors the development of coronary heart disease and colon cancer which occur more frequently among the Japanese in Hawaii than in Japan. When assessed directly and prospectively, obesity, the serum cholesterol level, and dietary fat intake are positively associated with coronary heart disease. The serum cholesterol level and dietary fat intake are negatively associated with colon cancer, whereas the body mass index (height/weight) is positively related to this tumor in older men. The 2 diseases have shown dissimilar trends in the past 20 years, with coronary heart disease being stable at levels intermediate between the United States and Japan experience, whereas colon cancer has shown a steady increase with rates higher than those of whites in the United States. The differences in risk factors and trends displayed by the 2 diseases indicate that they affect different subsets of the westernized Japanese population. Additional studies are necessary if we are to establish the basis for these differences.
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PMID:Colorectal cancer in Hawaiian Japanese men: a progress report. 393 34


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