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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Six members of the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology provide a discussion of the presentations of the authors of six studies dealing with the potential chronic disease side effects of water disinfection. This symposium, which was jointly sponsored by the Society and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also involved state epidemiologists and engineers from state drinking water programs. This article summarizes the results of the studies and the comments about them. There was a general consensus that the recent EPA sponsored studies of cancer endpoints have strengthened the evidence linking bladder cancer with long term exposure to chlorinated drinking water. The evidence for links with colon cancer is not convincing and that for serum lipid changes is quite weak. Any risks, if real, are low when compared to the risk of infection from not disinfecting water. This is particularly true for small water systems where chlorination may be the only practical option.
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PMID:An evaluation of the role of epidemiology in assessing current and future disinfection technologies for drinking water. 148 Sep 62

Worldwide, locally prevailing nutritional traditions account for the occurrence of specific types of cancer. In the Orient, the custom of eating salted, pickled or smoked food parallels the risk of stomach cancer and hypertension-stroke. The underlying mechanisms and relevant carcinogens are partially known. In the Western world, the usual high-fat, low-fiber food is related to risk of cancer of the colon, pancreas, breast, prostate, ovary, and endometrium. The fat component translates to specific promoting mechanisms and fibers reduce risk of colon cancer through dilution of promoters. The associated genotoxic carcinogens may be the heterocyclic amines formed during cooking of meat. Methods have been developed to inhibit their formation. In all situations, a higher intake of vegetables and fruits has led to a lower risk for diverse types of cancer, through varied mechanisms. Based on current knowledge, more wholesome dietary traditions for chronic disease prevention in most countries can be developed.
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PMID:Carcinogenesis in our food and cancer prevention. 165 31

Vigorous physical activity can improve the health of both adults and children. Among adults, regular physical activity can reduce risk for chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, colon cancer, and depression, as well as lower all-cause death rates (1,2). Among children, regular physical activity can reduce chronic disease risk factors such as obesity, elevated cholesterol, and hypertension (3). Physical activity patterns established during childhood may extend into adulthood (4). This report examines the prevalence of vigorous physical activity among U.S. students in grades 9-12.
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PMID:Vigorous physical activity among high school students--United States, 1990. 173 Nov 78

The extent and dynamics of the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma were analysed in all the communes of the region of Osijek during the period from 1968 to 1982. The age and sex of patients, geographical distribution and other factors which might have influenced the colorectal carcinoma occurrence were taken into consideration. The dynamic of the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma was analysed by the method of regression. The incidence of the carcinoma of the large bowel in the region of Osijek in 1982 was between 10.3% and 33.7% per 100,000 inhabitants. In most communes the incidence was between 20.9% and 28.1%. During the period from 1968 to 1982 there was an increase in the occurrence of colorectal carcinoma in all communes, with the exception of the commune of Slavonska Orahovica which is one of the most undeveloped areas in the region. A significant increase of the new cases of colorectal carcinoma was recorded in the communes of Beli Manastir and highly significant increase in the communes of Djakovo, Podravska Slatina, Slavonska Pozega and Vukovar. During the same period there was an evident increase in the mortality rate from colorectal carcinoma in all the communes in the region of Osijek. The rate was 22.2% per 100,000 inhabitants which represents 1.9% of overall mortality or 11.6% of the mortality from all malignant diseases in the region. With regard to epidemiological data and the authors' own investigations it has become obvious that more care and attention should be paid to the prevention of colorectal carcinoma as an integral part of the chronic disease prevention programme.
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PMID:[Dynamics of occurrence and mortality in colorectal carcinoma in the community around Osijek]. 262 69

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic disease, strongly associated with ulcerative colitis and cholangiocarcinoma. Ulcerative colitis itself does not influence the liver transplant results. However, intensified screening after liver transplantation for carcinoma of the colon may be necessary. Cholangiocarcinoma, although incidentally found in hepatectomy specimens, has a bad prognosis. Initial reports in the literature indicate a far lower survival when liver transplantation is performed for PSC, in comparison to the results achieved in other transplant indications. This might have been due to surgical interventions which nowadays are avoided. Later reports show a better prognosis than the initial ones. We report on the results of liver transplantation for PSC, as indicated in the literature and on the results of the Groningen transplant centre.
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PMID:Primary sclerosing cholangitis and liver transplantation. 886 58

This study examined whether there is a difference in the psychological distress and/or coping modes of patients with early localized malignant melanoma. The authors compared the patients diagnosed at stages IA and B of the disease with those diagnosed at stages IIA and B. The population consisted of 100 melanoma patients who agreed to take part in a study of adjustment to chronic disease. The patients were individually interviewed at home and completed six self-reports. Three of the reports assessed psychological outcome, two assessed coping, and one assessed support systems. No substantial differences were found between the patients treated at stages I and II on any of the psychological measures, despite the fact that those with greatest thickness and depth (stage IIB) are at higher risk of recurrence. The women showed greater distress than the men, confirming earlier observations made in patients with colon cancer.
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PMID:The role of psychological variables in a group of melanoma patients. An Israeli sample. 899 16

Results associating diet with chronic disease in a cohort of 34192 California Seventh-day Adventists are summarized. Most Seventh-day Adventists do not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol, and there is a wide range of dietary exposures within the population. About 50% of those studied ate meat products <1 time/wk or not at all, and vegetarians consumed more tomatoes, legumes, nuts, and fruit, but less coffee, doughnuts, and eggs than did nonvegetarians. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between beef consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease (IHD) in men [relative risk (RR) = 2.31 for subjects who ate beef > or =3 times/wk compared with vegetarians], significant protective associations between nut consumption and fatal and nonfatal IHD in both sexes (RR approximately 0.5 for subjects who ate nuts > or =5 times/wk compared with those who ate nuts <1 time/wk), and reduced risk of IHD in subjects preferring whole-grain to white bread. The lifetime risk of IHD was reduced by approximately 31% in those who consumed nuts frequently and by 37% in male vegetarians compared with nonvegetarians. Cancers of the colon and prostate were significantly more likely in nonvegetarians (RR of 1.88 and 1.54, respectively), and frequent beef consumers also had higher risk of bladder cancer. Intake of legumes was negatively associated with risk of colon cancer in nonvegetarians and risk of pancreatic cancer. Higher consumption of all fruit or dried fruit was associated with lower risks of lung, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. Cross-sectional data suggest vegetarian Seventh-day Adventists have lower risks of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and arthritis than nonvegetarians. Thus, among Seventh-day Adventists, vegetarians are healthier than nonvegetarians but this cannot be ascribed only to the absence of meat.
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PMID:Associations between diet and cancer, ischemic heart disease, and all-cause mortality in non-Hispanic white California Seventh-day Adventists. 1047 27

Many genetic, environmental, behavioral, and cultural factors affect health. Diet is as vital as any of them for preventing disease and promoting well-being. We know that what we eat can lead to premature disability and mortality: to obesity, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, degenerative arthritis, sleep apnea, and other illnesses. Now scientific evidence points to links between dietary patterns and illness. The study of these links is a new approach to understanding the role that diet plays in chronic disease. Initial studies include those on eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. More recently, researchers have investigated all-cause mortality and leading causes of chronic disease. Novel epidemiological approaches include factorial analysis to evaluate dietary patterns and cluster analysis to examine nutrient intake, gender, and weight status across food-pattern clusters. These methods work best within groups to identify major dietary patterns, but not necessarily ideal diets. They may also differ across population groups. The success of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and Lyon Diet Heart studies supports the value of dietary pattern analysis. At the same time, the relative failure of single-nutrient studies underscores the need for new methodologies and directions in research.
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PMID:Treatment approaches: food first for weight management and health. 1170 45

One of the most promising areas for the development of functional foods lies in modification of the activity of the gastrointestinal tract by use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. While a myriad of healthful effects have been attributed to the probiotic lactic acid bacteria, perhaps the most controversial remains that of anticancer activity. However, it must be emphasised that, to date, there is no direct experimental evidence for cancer suppression in man as a result of consumption of lactic cultures in fermented or unfermented dairy products, although there is a wealth of indirect evidence, based largely on laboratory studies. Presently, there are a large number of biomarkers available for assessing colon cancer risk in dietary intervention studies, which are validated to varying degrees. These include colonic mucosal markers, faecal water markers and immunological markers. Overwhelming evidence from epidemiological, in vivo, in vitro and clinical trial data indicates that a plant-based diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease, particularly cancer. It is now clear that there are components in a plant-based diet other than traditional nutrients that can reduce cancer risk. More than a dozen classes of these biologically active plant chemicals, now known as 'phytochemicals', have been identified. Although the vast number of naturally occurring health-enhancing substances appear to be of plant origin, there are a number of physiologically active components in animal products (such as the probiotics referred to above) that deserve attention for their potential role in cancer prevention.
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PMID:Scientific basis of biomarkers and benefits of functional foods for reduction of disease risk: cancer. 1249 63

The glycemic index (GI) has proven to be a useful nutritional concept, providing new insights into the relationship between foods and chronic disease. Observational studies suggest that diets with a high glycemic load (GI x carbohydrate content) are independently associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Postprandial hyperglycemia plays a direct pathogenic role in the disease process. Lower glucose and insulin levels are associated with improved risk profile, including high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glycosylated proteins, oxidative status, hemostatic variables, and endothelial function. Limited evidence suggests that a low-GI diet may also protect against obesity, colon cancer, and breast cancer. Diets with a high glycemic load may affect health differently in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive individuals. Improvements in postprandial hyperglycemia can be brought about by manipulating either the type (i.e., GI) or amount of dietary carbohydrate, or both; at present, the GI appears to be more effective.
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PMID:Glycemic load and chronic disease. 1282 92


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