Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0699790 (colon cancer)
 28,837 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lipotropin (LPH) has been evaluated as a potential tumor marker using a sensitive beta melanocyte-stimulating hormone (beta MSH) radioimmunoassay. All 79 acetic acid extracts of carcinomas of lung, colon, stomach, esophagus and breast contained LPH in concentrations greater than blood; 61 of 79 extracts contained LPH in larger amounts than control tissues from patients without cancer. In a blind prospective study, plasma LPH was quantified in 107 patients admitted for work-up because of an abnormality on a chest roentgenogram. Thirty-one of 33 patients subsequently diagnosed as having benign lesions had plasma LPH within the 95 per cent confidence limits of normal subjects whereas 28 (36 per cent) of the 74 patients subsequently diagnosed histologically as having primary lung carcinoma had elevated levels. In control studies, 13 of 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had elevated plasma LPH levels; three of the 13 with elevated levels and four with normal levels have been diagnosed, during the two years of follow-up, as having lung carcinoma. In control studies of 23 patients with granulomatous lung disease, 22 had normal levels of LPH. In those with carcinoma of the colon elevated plasma LPH levels were observed in two of 21 untreated patients and in 11 of 61 patients receiving noncurative chemotherapy. Elevated plasma LPH levels were also observed in 10 of 59 patients with breast cancer, eight of 28 with pancreatic cancer, eight of 22 with gastric or esophageal cancer, six of 16 with renal cancer, four of eight with prostatic cancer, one of seven with cervical cancer and one of six with ovarian cancer. We conclude, an elevated LPH level is frequently observed in blood and tumor tissue from patients with various types of carcinoma.
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PMID:Ectopic production of lipotropin by cancer. 43 67

Malignant neoplasms are responsible for more than half a million deaths annually and 22.5% of all deaths in the United States. Cancer is the second leading cause of death overall and the leading cause of death among Americans aged 35-64. Within the next decade it may become the leading cause of death. Cancers of digestive and respiratory organs are responsible for 53% of all cancer deaths. Certain subgroups are at elevated risk for various cancers. For example, sun-sensitive or excessively sun-exposed young white adults, young black women, and elderly patients are at increased risk for cutaneous melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer, respectively. Black men have the greatest risk for both lung cancer and cancer of the prostate. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and solid tumors of the brain and nervous system are the most frequent forms of malignancy occurring among children less than or equal to 14 years. Office screening is the traditional method for identifying cancer victims as early as possible. A suitable screening test should be rapid, simple, inexpensive, and impose minimal discomfort. There must be a window of opportunity available to identify the cancer during a detectable preclinical phase, and therapeutic modalities must be available to alter progression. An office screening test for cancer may have any one of four outcomes, and three of them are bad. False negatives are the worst adverse outcome because cancer remains undetected despite screening. An epidemic of lung cancer, caused by cigarette smoking, is occurring in all race and sex groups. If Americans stopped smoking, 87% of lung cancer deaths could be prevented. Tobacco abuse also is a major risk factor for cancer of the esophagus, larynx, and oral cavity. Cigarette smoking is a contributing factor for cancer of the bladder, kidney, and pancreas, and it has been associated with both cervical cancer and cancer of the stomach. Smoking and smokeless tobacco cessation endorsements, messages, and programs must be part of routine disease prevention and health promotion activities in every primary care practice. More than 1 million Americans became new cancer victims last year, and more than 1 million additional cases will be detected this year. Because of the striking variability in state and regional patterns of various forms of cancer, geographic location of a practice may influence the frequency of cancers seen. Four sites (breast, prostate, lung, colon, and rectum) were responsible for 55% of cancer mortality and 56% of all new cases of cancer detected during 1991.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Epidemiology of cancer in the United States. 141 56

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for serodiagnosis of cancers was developed by employing histone H2B. This method measures anti-histone H2B antibody levels in sera and includes a device for coating the plastic immunoplate with a mixture of histone H2B and diluted fetal calf serum. The coating of immunoplates with this mixture decreased apparent sensitivity of the assay compared with that in the absence of fetal calf serum, but effective reduction of nonspecific background enabled a specific assay of anti-histone H2B antibody with excellent reproducibility. By this method cancer patients were discriminated from normal healthy subjects at detection rates of 37% for lung cancer, 33% for liver cancer, 50% for pancreatic cancer, 42% for colon cancer, and 78% for cervical cancer. However, stomach and esophagus cancers showed detection rates of less than 17%, which are comparable to the values for benign diseases. It is likely that this assay method detects squamous cell carcinomas at relatively high rates.
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PMID:Serodiagnosis of cancers by ELISA of anti-histone H2B antibody. 154 47

It has been postulated that an infectious agent and/or specific sexual behaviour is involved in the aetiology of anal cancer, in analogy with the aetiology established for cancer of the cervix. A case-control study of 29,648 women with cancers registered in the Danish Cancer Registry during 1968-87 tested the hypothesis that anal cancer patients were more likely than patients with colon, stomach, or vulva cancer to have had a previous diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical cancer. The odds ratio of CIN, adjusted for age and year of diagnosis, for anal vs colon cancer was 5.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.3-8.3), that for anal vs stomach cancer 3.6 (2.1-6.0), and that for anal vs vulva cancer 1.6 (0.9-2.9). The median time from diagnosis of CIN to diagnosis of the registered cancer was 151 months for anal, 112 months for vulva, 114 months for colon, and 126 months for stomach cancer. The association with previous invasive cervical cancer was also investigated; no patient with cervical cancer in this second analysis had been included in the CIN analysis. The odds ratios were similar. In addition, anal cancer patients were significantly more likely to have had cervical cancer than were patients with vulva cancer (odds ratio 1.8 [1.0-3.9]). The strong association between anal cancer and CIN/invasive cervical cancer suggests that these cancers share common risk factors. The association is at least as strong as that between cervical and vulva cancer.
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PMID:Aetiological parallel between anal cancer and cervical cancer. 167 74

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the short-term and long-term objectives of screening for various cancers, and to indicate the kinds of data that are needed to determine whether or not the objectives are met. Cancers at various sites differ with respect to their innate suitability for screening. Criteria that enhance screening suitability include the potential for serious complications and a high rate of mortality (applicable to most cancers), a prolonged preclinical phase, and an existing therapy that is simpler and more effective in reducing the mortality rate when applied to preclinical disease than to clinically evident cancer. Tests and procedures suitable for screening are simple to perform, inexpensive, acceptable to patients and physicians, safe, relatively painless, and accurate, as measured by the test's sensitivity and specificity. The actual yield of previously undiagnosed cancer arising from a screening program will depend heavily on prevalence of disease in the screened population, specificity of the screening test, and successful follow-up of screen-positive patients with diagnosis and treatment. These issues are discussed in the context of four cancers and their respective screening modalities: cervical cancer and cytologic studies, breast cancer and mammography, colon cancer and fecal occult blood tests, and lung cancer and sputum cytologic studies. The quality of data on which screening decisions have been made for each of these cancers and tests varies. The cancers vary in terms of their relevant biologic characteristics and treatment effectiveness. Similarly, each screening procedure has its own particular advantages and disadvantages. Current American Cancer Society Guidelines for early detection of three of the cancers are presented.
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PMID:Cancer screening. Degrees of proof and practical application. 304 38

Neoplastic transformations are accompanied by an alteration in the composition of cell membrane glycoproteins, major structural components of the cell surface. Plasma sialyltransferase enzyme is involved in the transfer of sialic acid residues from cytosine monophosphate (CMP) sialic acid to a suitable acceptor. In the present study plasma sialyltransferase was assayed using a radiometric method, which measured the transfer of radioactivity from (14C) CMP sialic acid to desialated fetuin. Plasma sialyltransferase was measured in 127 normal and 91 cancer patients. The mean plasma sialyltransferase in the normal volunteers was 837 units (CPM/25 microliters plasma/hr). The mean plasma sialytransferase in 26 breast cancer patients, 22 lung cancer patients, 20 colon cancer patients, 5 ovarian cancer patients, 4 cervix cancer patients, 5 pancreas cancer patients, 6 prostate cancer patients, and 3 gastrointestinal tract cancer patients was 1710, 1406, 1344, 1227, 1233, 1406, 1250, and 1426 units, respectively. No significant difference was observed with respect to age. In 32 treated breast cancer patients the mean value was 757 units. Serial determinations in 17 patients correlated well with tumor burden. However, in 2 patients the plasma enzyme level did not correspond to tumor mass. These results indicate that plasma sialyltransferase is significantly elevated in patients with a variety of cancers. Plasma sialyltransferase determination may be useful in the followup of patients with a variety of cancers.
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PMID:Plasma sialyltransferase as a tumor marker. 339 Aug 43

We examined the activity reported in phase II trials for all cytotoxic drugs introduced into clinical trial by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) since 1970. For each drug in each tested tumor type we derived a response rate from the pooled data of all trials reported either in the literature or to the NCI. We rated a drug active if the lower 80% confidence bound of the response rate was greater than 10%. Of the 83 drugs developed and introduced by the NCI, there are 47 which we considered evaluable. Of these drugs, 24 were rated active in at least one cancer type, of which ten were analogs of drugs in wide clinical use. Diseases most commonly responsive include lymphoma (74% of the tested drugs rated active), leukemia (35%), urothelial cancer (29%), small cell lung cancer (29%), ovarian cancer (22%), cervical cancer (22%), and breast cancer (18%). For colon cancer and melanoma, only one of 42 and two of 30 tested drugs rated active, respectively. We also examined the completeness of clinical testing: among the 47 drugs there were 20 tested in greater than or equal to 14 patients with leukemia, 23 tested in patients with lymphoma, and 18 tested in patients with small cell lung cancer; whereas 34 drugs for breast cancer, 42 for colon cancer, and 33 for non-small cell lung cancer were more completely evaluated. Considering the "clinical panel" of seven cancer types (breast, non-small cell lung, small cell lung, colon, melanoma, leukemia, and lymphoma), drugs were tested in greater than or equal to 30 patients in a median of four tumor types. Testing in this panel failed to detect activity in only one drug found active in another tumor, although testing in diseases other than this clinical panel was even less complete. Phase II testing should emphasize completion of minimum accrual goals, testing in patient populations with minimum prior therapy, and evaluation in a minimum set of tumor types.
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PMID:Clinical drug development: an analysis of phase II trials, 1970-1985. 379 Dec 70

Age-standardized cancer death rates in Puerto Rican-born males and females residing in New York City have been calculated for 1979-81, and compared with those for white non-Puerto Rican-born people. For all population groups the rates in 1979-81 have been compared with rates in 1969-71. For some cancer sites, in particular cancers of the lung, breast and ovary, the Puerto Rican migrant population exhibited rates well below those of other residents of New York at both time periods. For other sites, most notably colon cancer (and to a lesser extent, prostate and bladder cancer), the rates for Puerto Ricans were somewhat lower than those of other New Yorkers in 1979-81, but had very markedly increased from levels shown in the earlier period. The Puerto Rican-born population at each time period had considerably higher rates of stomach cancer and cervical cancer than did 'other' white New Yorkers. Although substantial reductions in risk for these sites occurred among Puerto Ricans during the intercensal period examined, these corresponded to the reductions among 'other' white New York residents. The trends are discussed with reference to differences in lifestyle patterns, especially diet.
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PMID:Trends in cancer mortality among Puerto Rican-born migrants to New York City. 395 40

Trends in cancer incidence from 1962 to 177 provided by the cancer registry of Cali, Colombia, are presented. A decline in rates of cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, and larynx, has coincided with an increase in the rates of lung cancer in women of all ages and in men over 65 years of age. No such rise in lung cancer has been detected in young males. Colon cancer incidence has increased, and a larger proportion of tumors in later years is concentrated around the sigmoid colon. Cervical cancer incidence has declined, but carcinoma in situ of the cervix is being more frequently diagnosed probably as a consequence of vaginal cytology screening programs. Similarities of these findings with those of Puerto Rico and contrasts with trends in the United States and Europe are discussed.
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PMID:Trends in cancer incidence in Cali, Colombia. 657 51

To investigate the immune responses of patients with cancer, we assayed a newly found immunosuppressive substance (IS) by the single radial immunodiffusion method. This substance is extracted from ascites of colon cancer. The IS average level in 46 healthy women was 555.4 +/- 112.1 micrograms/ml. The normal upper limit should be 800 micrograms/ml. Seventy cases with uterine cervical cancer had a significantly higher IS level (667.0 +/- 189.8 micrograms/ml) than healthy women (t=3.57, p less than 0.001), especially in Stages III & IV. All 28 patients except one with recurrent cancer showed an IS level higher than 800 micrograms/ml. (1431.7 +/- 480. 9 micrograms/ml). Before recurrence was found clinically, the IS level became higher. In ovarian tumors, assay of the IS level yielded an interesting result: In 16 cases with benign tumors the level was 568.8 +/- 109.7 micrograms/ml. On the other hand, nine patients with ovarian cancer had levels over 800 micrograms/ml. These data suggest that the assay of IS substance may be useful for the staging of uterine cervical cancer, early detection of the recurrence, differentiation between benign and malignant ovarian tumors and so on.
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PMID:[Significance of serum immunosuppressive substance (IS) levels in the field of gyneco-obstetrics]. 666 26


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