Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0684249 (lung carcinoma)
 23,830 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 68-year-old male patient presented with unspecific decline of general health, multiple tumours in the liver discovered by ultrasound examination and a focus suggestive of tumour on chest x-ray. He was hospitalised because of suspected metastatic lung carcinoma. Laboratory analysis revealed a distinct elevation of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE, 26,1 micro g/l). A CT scan of the abdomen confirmed the presence of multiple tumour foci in both hepatic lobes, while the lung, however, was found to be free of tumour on CT-examination. Bronchoscopy, gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy were unremarkable. Subsequently, an ultrasound guided fine-needle biopsy of the liver was performed. Histological examination disclosed hemangiosarcoma with unusual, though unequivocal expression of NSE in tumour cells. As even follow-up examinations were unable to trace out any extrahepatic primary tumour, the hemangiosarcoma was concluded to be of hepatic origin. The patient succumbed to his disease 6 months later, an autopsy was not performed. This case report of a NSE-producing primary hemangiosarcoma of the liver clearly outlines that a histological confirmation of an allegedly clear clinical diagnosis should always be performed because malignant tumours are capable of (co-)expressing so called tumour markers independently of their histogenesis.
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PMID:[Hemangiosarcoma of the liver with unusual expression of neuron-specific enolase (NSE)]. 1229 81

Histidine decarboxylase is one of the enzymes of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation system and is known to be distributed in mast cells and enterochromaffin-like cells. With the hypothesis that histidine decarboxylase expression is a marker for neuroendocrine differentiation, we studied the immunoreactivity of histidine decarboxylase in neuroendocrine cells and tumors of the thyroid gland, adrenal medulla, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-histidine decarboxylase antibody, and the sensitivity and specificity were compared with those of conventional neuroendocrine markers (CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, and neuron-specific enolase). Enterochromaffin or enterochromaffin-like cells, adrenal chromaffin cells, and thyroid C-cells were positive for histidine decarboxylase, and related tumors (carcinoid tumor, pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma) showed a high percentage of positive staining. Furthermore, we used the antibody to distinguish small cell lung carcinoma from non-neuroendocrine lung carcinoma and also to detect neuroendocrine differentiation in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and gastrointestinal small-cell carcinoma. The anti-histidine decarboxylase antibody stained most small cell lung carcinoma (18 of 23, sensitivity 0.78), and was rarely reactive with non-neuroendocrine lung tumors (2 of 44; specificity, 0.95). These values were close to those obtained from CD56 staining (sensitivity/specificity, 0.87/0.98). Histidine decarboxylase was also positive for 6 of 12 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and 4 of 7 gastrointestinal small cell carcinomas. In conclusion, we demonstrated that histidine decarboxylase is useful to distinguish between small cell lung carcinoma and non-neuroendocrine carcinoma and to demonstrate neuroendocrine differentiation.
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PMID:Histidine decarboxylase expression as a new sensitive and specific marker for small cell lung carcinoma. 1252 16

This retrospective study aimed at determining the prognostic significance of neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A (CgA), pro-gastrin releasing peptide (ProGRP) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), together with the cytokeratin 19 marker CYFRA 21-1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A total of 148 histologically proven and previously untreated SCLC patients were included. Among them 118 patients received a cisplatin-etoposide combination or cisplatin-etoposide-cyclophosphamide-4'-epidoxorubicin combination. All tumour markers were tested using immunoradiometric assays except for ProGRP which was tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The thresholds for marker serum titrations were 53 pg/ml, 65, 17, and 3.6 ng/ml for ProGRP, CgA, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 respectively. Univariate analysis showed that patients affected by one of the following characteristics proved to have a significant shorter survival in comparison with the opposite status of each variable: age over 63 years, extensive-stage, serum LDH level higher than 600 U/l, serum NSE level higher than 17 ng/ml, serum CgA level higher than 65 ng/ml and serum CYFRA 21-1 level higher than 3.6 ng/ml. In addition, there was a trend towards a statistical significance for a high serum alkaline phosphatase level and a performance status equal to or worse than two. The following variables were independent determinants of a poor outcome: a poor performance status (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.51 [1.02-2.22]), a high CgA level (HR: 1.61 [1.06-2.45]), a high CYFRA 21-1 level (HR: 2.10 [1.40-3.14]) and an age older than 63 years (HR: 1.68 [1.14-2.48]). When the multivariate analysis was restricted to patients receiving a cisplatin-etoposide-based chemotherapy, the same variables were prognostic determinants with nearly similar hazard ratios. In conclusion, aside classical variables such as age and performance status, high serum CYFRA 21-1 and high serum CgA level in SCLC are both prognostic determinants of prognosis, in particular in patients receiving conventional chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin and etoposide-based combinations.
Lung Cancer 2003 Feb
PMID:Neuroendocrine and cytokeratin serum markers as prognostic determinants of small cell lung cancer. 1258 64

To study the behavior and possible correlations of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) with other clinicobiological parameters, we measured the cytosolic levels of this marker by means of an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) in 95 squamous cell lung carcinoma samples. We also analyzed the levels of pS2, tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), hyaluronic acid (HA), free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), CYFRA 21.1 and CA 125 in cytosol. On the cell surface we analyzed the concentrations of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HA, erbB-2 oncoprotein, CD44s, CD44v5 and CD44v6. Other parameters considered were clinical stage, lymph node involvement, histological grade (HG), ploidy and the cellular S-phase fraction measured by flow cytometry on nuclei obtained from fresh tissues. In the 95 squamous cell carcinomas the cytosolic levels of NSE varied from 4.5 to 2235 ng/mg protein (median: 267) and were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those observed in 38 samples of normal pulmonary tissue obtained from the same patients (range: 56-657; median: 141.5). When classifying tumors according to the different parameters analyzed, we observed that the levels of NSE were higher in aneuploid than in diploid cases (p = 0.046) and in those that were HG3 than in those that were HG2 (p < 0.001). Tumors with high NSE levels (> 422 ng/mg protein; 75th percentile) were more likely to have high S-phase values (p = 0.012) and were more frequently aneuploid (p = 0.038) and HG3 (p < 0.001) than those with low levels of NSE (< 180 ng/mg protein; 25th percentile). These results lead us to the following conclusions: 1) the cytosolic concentrations of NSE are significantly higher in squamous cell carcinomas than in healthy pulmonary tissue, and 2) the cytosolic concentrations of NSE are not correlated with clinical stage or nodal involvement. However, in our study higher levels of the enzyme were statistically correlated with aneuploidy, histological grade 3 and S-phase. This may explain its association with poorer outcome and progression, but also the more favorable response of tumors with elevated NSE to chemotherapy, as suggested by other groups.
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PMID:Cytosolic levels of neuron-specific enolase in squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. 1453 89

Besides its role in small-cell carcinoma of the lung, elevated serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) have recently been reported to be associated with autoimmune rheumatic disorders such as systemic sclerosis. Serum NSE seems to correlate with disease activity as well as Rodnan skin score. The aim of the study was to assess the neuromodulatory effects of conventional UVA1 phototherapy on acrosclerosis as an additional mechanism besides an assumed T cell apoptosis, collagenase induction and angiogenesis. Punch skin biopsies of acrosclerotic skin lesions taken before and after treatment from four patients were evaluated immunohistochemically for the presence of NSE, S100 and neurofilament. Immunolabeling revealed a UVA-induced decrease in dermal NSE expression. In contrast, no alteration in neurofilament+ cells could be detected. In line with the findings of a previous investigation, a high number of S100+ cells were detected in most specimens. We demonstrated a UVA1-induced reduction in dermal NSE levels correlating with a softening of former sclerotic lesions. Even though the origin and the functional mechanisms remain obscure, NSE might be relevant directly within sclerotic skin lesions and may possibly be used as a diagnostic marker at least in SSc-associated acrosclerotic skin.
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PMID:UVA1-induced decrease in dermal neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in acrosclerosis. 1529 60

We report a case of peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), which belongs to the pPNET/Ewing's sarcoma family, arising in the chest wall of a 69-year-old man. He had high levels of serum neuron-specific enolase and pro-gastrin-releasing peptide, which are believed to be useful diagnostic blood markers for small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). Microscopically, the tumor was composed of solid nests and sheets of monotous, primitive, small round cells with a few rosettes, making it difficult to distinguish from SCLC. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed intense cell membranous immunoreactivity for MIC2 protein (CD99). EWS/FLI-1 chimeric mRNA that originated from the characteristic t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation was detected by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. These results confirmed the diagnostic validity of the present tumor being a pPNET, thus raising the possibility that in the past, pPNETs which have arisen in the chest have been mistakenly diagnosed as SCLC.
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PMID:Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the chest wall of a 69-year-old man. 1533 84

Phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma that exclusively secretes dopamine is very rare. This case illustrates its atypical presentation and the importance of interpretative reporting for urine catecholamines leading to the diagnosis and subsequent management of a patient with this condition. We report a 71-year-old Chinese woman with a large dopamine-secreting paraganglioma. She presented with low back pain for six months. On examination, a right abdominal mass was palpable incidentally. Her blood pressure was normal throughout. Serial 24-h urine collections for catecholamines showed enormous elevation of urine dopamine excretion to 80.7 micromol/day (normotensive:<2.6 m mol/day). However, the daily excretions of urine adrenaline and noradrenaline, as well as their metabolites were within their respective reference intervals. Good communication between chemical pathologists and physicians prompted the arrangement of the whole body 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy, which showed a large signal in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen corresponding to a large extra-adrenal tumour detected by both ultrasonography and computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Histological section of the tumour tissue revealed paraganglioma, which stained positive for chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase. After four months, the patient presented with chest symptoms and CT of the thorax revealed multiple nodules. Lung metastases were suspected. However, follow-up urine catechola- mine and dopamine excretions were again within their respective normotensive reference intervals. A second MIBG scintigraphy was performed, but no specific uptake at either the thorax or the abdomen could be demonstrated. Fine-needle aspiration cytology using the thoracoscopic technique was performed and immunochemical staining of the biopsy specimen showed the presence of non- small-cell carcinoma of the lung.
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PMID:The importance of the interpretation of urine catecholamines is essential for the diagnosis and management of patient with dopamine-secreting paraganglioma. 1580 39

We assessed the usefulness of several immunohistochemical stains in distinguishing these two neoplasms, including cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20 (CK20), neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin, neurofilaments (NF), thyroid-transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), CD56 antigen, S-100 protein, vimentin, c-erbB-2 oncoprotein, and CD117 antigen. All 13 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma evaluated were positive for CK20, and negative for TTF-1. Twelve of 13 Merkel cell carcinoma cases were positive for NF. Eleven of 13 cases of small cell lung carcinoma were positive for TTF-1. All small cell lung carcinoma cases were negative for NF, and all but one were negative for CK20. In terms of the remaining antigens, there were no differences of significance between the two neoplasms. These findings suggest that a set of three immunohistochemical stains, including CK20, NF, and TTF-1, is useful in affording a distinction between Merkel cell carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung. 1662 69

We studied 44 cases of small cell bladder carcinoma (SCBC) and 2 cases of large cell neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma (LCNBC) to determine the immunohistochemical profile and biologic behavior. Thyroid transcription factor (TTF)-1, cytokeratin (CK)20, chromogranin A (CgA), synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and Leu-7 studies were performed. TTF-1+ cases were stained for surfactant protein A (SP-A). The immunohistochemical profile for 44 SCBC cases was as follows: TTF-1+, 11 (25%); CK20+, 3 (7%); CgA+, 13 (30%); synaptophysin+, 22 (50%); NSE+, 35 (80%); and Leu-7+, 30 (68%), and for 2 LCNBC cases was as follows: TTF-1+, 2 (100%); CgA+, (50%); synaptophysin+, 1 (50%); NSE+, 2 (100%); and Leu- 7+, 2 (100%). All cases with TTF-1 expression were negative for SP-A, except 1 case. This case was a mixed SCBC with TTF-1 expression in the urothelial component, which also expressed SP-A. Immunohistochemical markers were not associated with survival. The prognosis of SCBC is relatively better than its pulmonary counterpart. LCNBC seems to be a rarely recognized entity. TTF-1 expression is not limited to small cell lung carcinoma.
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PMID:Large cell and small cell neuroendocrine bladder carcinoma: immunohistochemical and outcome study in a single institution. 1795 Nov 91

We report a rare case of primary small cell carcinoma of the breast. A 44-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a mass in her left breast. Fine-needle biopsy revealed small cell carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation resembling small cell carcinoma of the lung. Systemic computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed no primary site in the lung or any other organ. A modified radical mastectomy with removal of the axillary lymph node (Bt + Ax, R2) was performed. Histological examination revealed that the tumor was composed of small round to oval cells with a large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. The tumor cells were positive for neuroendocrine differentiation markers such as synaptophysin, CD56, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), but negative for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), leukocyte common antigen (LCA), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). Interestingly, the tumor cells lacked immunoreactivity for epithelial markers, including cytokeratin AE1/3, CAM5.2, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The patient was given adjuvant chemotherapy for axillary lymph node metastasis. There were no signs of recurrence 22 months after surgery.
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PMID:A case of primary small cell carcinoma of the breast. 1798 8


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